diff --git a/PLAN_MASTERBUS_FX_RACK_VST.md b/PLAN_MASTERBUS_FX_RACK_VST.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbd11e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PLAN_MASTERBUS_FX_RACK_VST.md
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+# PLAN: Masterbus + FX Rack hỗ trợ chèn VST FX (Ozone, Scaler) — xử lý âm thanh
+
+Ngày: 2026-08-15
+Trạng thái: ĐỀ XUẤT — chưa code.
+Kế thừa nền: `PLAN_REPLACE_PEDALBOARD_NATIVE_BRIDGE.md` HOÀN THÀNH (Phase 0-5,
+commit `dc331f3`) — pedalboard GPL-3.0 đã gỡ, `RENDER_ENGINE` mặc định
+`"bridge"`, `native_bridge` (MIT) render VSTi offline qua
+`--render <job.json> --out <wav>`; tests 114 pass / 0 skip.
+
+## 1. Mục tiêu
+
+Chèn **VST FX thật** (Ozone mastering chain, Scaler, …) vào 2 tầng xử lý âm
+thanh:
+
+- **Masterbus**: chain FX áp lên toàn bộ mix (mastering).
+- **FX Rack per-track**: chain FX áp lên từng track (insert).
+
+Offline export chạy qua `native_bridge` (giữ nguyên luồng RENDER_ENGINE hiện
+tại). Realtime trong browser **KHÔNG chạy được VST** → giữ WebAudio builtin,
+VST FX dùng quick_render preview (âm thật = âm export, như cơ chế preset đang có).
+
+## 2. Hiện trạng (cần mở rộng)
+
+| Tầng | Hiện tại | Hạn chế |
+|---|---|---|
+| Realtime browser (`app/static/js/app.jsx`) | FX chain WebAudio per-track (chorus/reverb), mastering chain Ozone-style (route dry/mastering, `createMasteringRoute`) | WebAudio node — KHÔNG chạy được binary `.vst3`; data model chỉ có `fxChain` + mastering toggle, chưa có slot plugin |
+| Offline export (`app/core/render_engine.py`) | Track FX: `fx_type=="chorus"|"reverb"` fallback scipy/numpy; master bus = sum track buffers + normalize peak (`max_peak`) | Không VST; master chỉ normalize, không chain; `fxChain` WebAudio không tái tạo offline |
+| Bridge (`native_bridge/src/*`) | Chỉ instrument host: MIDI → audio (`NativeInstrumentEngine`, VST3/SF2/SFZ) | Chưa có audio-effect processing path; `RenderJob.cpp` chỉ nhận notes, không nhận input WAV |
+| Scan plugin (`app/core/vst_engine.py`) | Quét `.vst3`/`.so`/`.dll`, list vst_instruments | Không phân loại instrument vs effect |
+
+Tham chiếu doc cũ: `md/45_MASTERING_MODULE.md` (spec WebAudio Ozone) — giữ
+nguyên, chỉ bổ sung VST path. `app.jsx` tham chiếu `mastering_expand.md` +
+`unified_fx_rack_panel.md` — 2 file này không tồn tại → gỡ tham chiếu hoặc viết
+mới trong Phase 3.
+
+## 3. Kiến trúc đích
+
+### 3.1. Bridge: FX render mode (C++, MIT)
+
+Thêm entrypoint CLI song song mode instrument:
+
+```
+daw_vst_bridge(.exe) --render-fx <job.json> --in <input.wav> --out <output.wav>
+```
+
+job.json (mở rộng format hiện có):
+```json
+{
+  "sample_rate": 44100,
+  "block_size": 512,
+  "fx_chain": [
+    { "type": "vst3", "path": "C:/.../Ozone 11.vst3", "preset_b64": "...", "bypass": false },
+    { "type": "builtin", "id": "normalize", "params": { "peak": 0.95 } }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+Luồng:
+1. Đọc input WAV (16/24/32-bit, mono/stereo → convert stereo float) — thêm WAV
+   reader (WAV writer đã có).
+2. Với mỗi slot trong `fx_chain`, process toàn bộ buffer qua
+   `NativeFxEngine::processAudio(audio_in, audio_out)` — audio-input,
+   KHÔNG MIDI. VST3 effect: load `plugin_path`, `loadSerializedState` từ
+   `preset_b64` (cùng cơ chế preset đã có), `processBlock` từng block;
+   `bypass=true` → copy thẳng.
+3. `builtin` = fallback không cần VST (normalize, gain) — dùng chung cho
+   Docker headless.
+4. Ghi WAV stereo 16-bit. Exit code như mode instrument (0 ok, 1 job error,
+   2 load fail, 3 crash — SEH guard như `SandboxVst3Host`).
+
+Lưu ý kỹ thuật:
+- Phân biệt class category VST3: instrument (`kInstrument`) vs effect
+  (`kAudioEffect`) — dùng `getClassInfo`/category string để host đúng
+  interface (audio-in/audio-out thay vì MIDI-in).
+- VST2 FX (`type:"vst2"`) thêm sau nếu cần; V1 chỉ VST3 + builtin.
+- Linux bridge chỉ SF2/SFZ (VST3 hosting Windows-only) → FX VST chỉ
+  Windows/desktop; Docker fallback builtin. Capabilities API báo đúng
+  (`features.vst_fx_render`).
+
+### 3.2. Python client (`app/core/native_render.py` — mở rộng)
+
+```python
+render_fx_chain(input_wav: str, fx_chain: list[dict], sample_rate: int) -> str
+```
+Spawn bridge `--render-fx`, trả path WAV. Chịu trách nhiệm: resolve plugin
+path, base64 encode preset file, timeout, rc → exception. Không import
+pedalboard.
+
+### 3.3. Masterbus (offline)
+
+Session thêm key `master`:
+```json
+"master": { "fx_chain": [...], "volume_db": 0, "mute": false, "bypass": false }
+```
+`render_project()`:
+1. `master_buffer = render_session_container(...)` (giữ nguyên).
+2. Nếu `master.bypass` false → `master_buffer = render_fx_chain(wav, master.fx_chain)`.
+3. Áp `volume_db`; giữ normalize-peak làm builtin slot cuối (hoặc bỏ khi chain
+   có master limiter — config theo chain, mặc định giữ).
+
+Session cũ không có `master` → skip, không vỡ (backward compatible).
+
+### 3.4. FX Rack per-track (offline)
+
+Track thêm key `fx_chain` (mảng insert slots, thay thế `fx_type` string):
+```json
+"fx_chain": [
+  { "plugin_id": "ozone", "path": "...", "preset_b64": "...", "bypass": false }
+]
+```
+Trong `render_session_container`, sau khi mix audio track (trước volume/pan):
+nếu `fx_chain` có VST slot → render track buffer qua bridge trước khi cộng vào
+session. `fx_type` legacy ("chorus"/"reverb") giữ nguyên fallback scipy — cùng
+lúc chỉ dùng một; ưu tiên `fx_chain` nếu có.
+
+### 3.5. Scan + phân loại FX (`app/core/vst_engine.py`)
+
+- Thêm `list_fx()`: quét cùng thư mục, đọc category VST3 để tách effect khỏi
+  instrument (instrument = class `kInstrument`; effect = `kAudioEffect`/`kFx`).
+- Không có SDK VST3 ở Python? → dùng chính bridge: thêm mode `--scan <dir>`
+  (C++ dùng VST3 `getClassInfo` đã có) trả JSON `[{path, is_fx, name}]`. Bridge
+  scan là nguồn chân lý, Python chỉ cache.
+
+### 3.6. API + UI (V1 tối thiểu)
+
+- `POST /api/v1/plugins/fx-render` `{ input_wav_url, fx_chain }` → WAV
+  (dùng cho preview + export thử nghiệm; pattern giống `/api/v1/plugins/midi-render`).
+- `GET /api/v1/plugins/fx` → danh sách FX (từ scan bridge).
+- UI: FX Rack panel per-track + masterbus — danh sách slot, chọn plugin,
+  bypass toggle, order (up/down), nút "Mở trong Carla / Chỉnh preset" → save
+  `.vstpreset` (cơ chế CARLA_BRIDGE có sẵn, `md/52_CARLA_BRIDGE.md`).
+- Preset-based V1: state plugin = `.vstpreset` file, **chưa có param
+  automation** (khớp giới hạn preset bridge hiện tại). Dry/wet: bỏ qua V1
+  (Ozone/Scaler xử lý trong chain), thêm sau nếu cần.
+
+### 3.7. Realtime
+
+- Browser không chạy VST: giữ nguyên WebAudio builtin FX + mastering chain.
+- Track/masterbus có VST slot → khi play, nếu slot không bypass: dùng
+  quick_render preview (đã có `preview_mode: "quick_render"` — render clip ngắn
+  qua bridge → WAV → phát), ghi chú "preview = âm export". Nếu chỉ builtin →
+  WebAudio trực tiếp.
+- Chưa realtime VST streaming (Tauri SHM) trong phạm vi plan này — ghi là
+  future work.
+
+### 3.8. Scaler — OPEN QUESTION (quyết định trong Phase 1)
+
+Scaler 2 là **MIDI/chord tool**, không phải audio-effect processor:
+- Chạy như VSTi insert (đường VSTi hiện có): nhận MIDI → output audio cho
+  chord — không cần FX path mới, dùng `render_session_container` instrument
+  nhánh có sẵn.
+- Hoặc chỉnh chord offline rồi render note events — cần UI riêng (ngoài plan).
+→ Đề xuất V1: **Scaler = VSTi**, không vào FX Rack; FX Rack/masterbus dành cho
+audio-effect VST3 (Ozone). Nếu user muốn Scaler trong FX Rack → đưa vào Phase 4
+như audio-FX bọc ngoài (unlikely, cần confirm).
+
+## 4. Phases
+
+| Phase | Nội dung | Deliverable |
+|---|---|---|
+| 0 | Bridge `--render-fx`: WAV reader, NativeFxEngine VST3 effect (audio-in/out), builtin normalize/gain, SEH guard | CLI render FX demo: WAV in → WAV out, test với Ozone |
+| 1 | Bridge `--scan`: phân loại instrument/effect; Python `native_render.render_fx_chain` + `vst_engine.list_fx` | `/api/v1/plugins/fx` + `/api/v1/plugins/fx-render` |
+| 2 | Masterbus: session key `master`, render_project chạy chain, backward compatible | Export session có mastering VST |
+| 3 | FX Rack per-track: track `fx_chain`, render_engine integrate; UI panel (slot/bypass/order/preset upload) | Track VST FX + UI |
+| 4 | Realtime preview quick_render cho slot VST; gỡ/làm rõ tham chiếu doc thiếu (`mastering_expand.md`) | Preview thật; doc sạch |
+
+Mỗi phase kết thúc = commit + test pass. Phase 0-1 có thể merge (cùng chạm
+bridge).
+
+## 5. Test
+
+- Bridge: self-check WAV in→out (identity khi bypass; gain builtin đúng dB);
+  `--scan` trên folder có 1 instrument + 1 effect giả → đúng nhãn.
+- Python: unit test `render_fx_chain` với builtin chain (không cần VST) —
+  input wav → output wav tồn tại, đúng sr; master key vắng → output không đổi
+  so với trước (regression).
+- E2E (thủ công, máy có Ozone): export session có master Ozone chain → nghe
+  khác rõ so với không chain, không clip.
+- Chạy full test suite hiện có — không phá 114 tests.
+
+## 6. License
+
+- Ozone (iZotope/Native Instruments) + Scaler (PluginBoutique/Scale Software):
+  plugin **thương mại** — KHÔNG nhúng, chỉ host bằng trình load của
+  `native_bridge` (MIT). Không bundle binary plugin vào repo.
+- `native_bridge` giữ MIT; code mới (WAV reader, NativeFxEngine) cùng license.
+- Không quay lại pedalboard (GPL-3.0) dưới mọi hình thức.
diff --git a/app/api/v1/plugins.py b/app/api/v1/plugins.py
index b8dfb35..e0b4b0b 100644
--- a/app/api/v1/plugins.py
+++ b/app/api/v1/plugins.py
@@ -1002,6 +1002,82 @@ def _render_midi_notes_pedalboard(instrument_id: str, notes: list, bpm: float,
     )
 
 
+@router.get("/fx")
+async def list_fx_plugins(current_user: dict = Depends(get_current_user),
+                          refresh: bool = Query(False)):
+    """List VST effect plugins (is_fx) — native_bridge --scan trên các dir.
+
+    Chỉ plugin VST3 effect (Ozone, Scaler Audio, ...); instrument/VST2 bị
+    bridge loại. refresh=true → quét lại (Plugins Manager → Scan)."""
+    from app.core.vst_engine import get_plugin_manager
+    pm = get_plugin_manager()
+    return {"success": True, "plugins": pm.list_fx(refresh=refresh)}
+
+
+class FxRenderRequest(BaseModel):
+    """Render WAV qua chuỗi FX (VST3 effect + builtin gain/normalize).
+
+    Dùng cho masterbus (render xong project → Ozone trên bus) và FX Rack
+    per-track (preview offline qua bridge; realtime vẫn WebAudio)."""
+    input_file_id: Optional[str] = None  # file trong PROCESSED_DIR
+    input_path: Optional[str] = None     # path tuyệt đối (test)
+    fx_chain: list = []
+    sample_rate: int = 44100
+
+
+@router.post("/fx-render")
+async def fx_render(req: FxRenderRequest, current_user: dict = Depends(get_current_user)):
+    """Áp fx_chain lên WAV đầu vào → WAV mới trong PROCESSED_DIR."""
+    enforce_password_changed(current_user)
+    src = (req.input_path or "").strip()
+    if not src:
+        fid = (req.input_file_id or "").strip()
+        if not fid:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400,
+                                detail="Cần input_file_id hoặc input_path")
+        src = os.path.join(settings.PROCESSED_DIR, os.path.basename(fid))
+    if not os.path.isfile(src):
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404,
+                            detail=f"File đầu vào không tồn tại: {src}")
+    user_id = current_user["user_id"]
+    out_name = f"user_{user_id}_fx_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:10]}.wav"
+    out_path = os.path.join(settings.PROCESSED_DIR, out_name)
+    try:
+        _render_fx_locked(src, req.fx_chain, req.sample_rate, out_path)
+        duration = sf.info(out_path).frames / max(1, req.sample_rate)
+        return {
+            "success": True,
+            "file_id": out_name,
+            "url": f"/static/audio/processed/{out_name}",
+            "path": out_path,
+            "duration_sec": round(duration, 3),
+            "render_mode": settings.RENDER_ENGINE,
+        }
+    except HTTPException:
+        try:
+            os.remove(out_path)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        raise
+    except Exception as e:
+        try:
+            os.remove(out_path)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"FX render thất bại: {e}")
+
+
+@_render_locked
+def _render_fx_locked(input_path: str, fx_chain: list, sample_rate: int, out_path: str):
+    """FX render qua native_bridge --render-fx (không thread-safe → lock)."""
+    if settings.RENDER_ENGINE != "bridge":
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=501,
+                            detail="Chỉ hỗ trợ native_bridge render — set SF_RENDER_ENGINE=bridge")
+    from app.core.native_render import render_fx_chain
+    render_fx_chain(input_wav=input_path, fx_chain=fx_chain,
+                    sample_rate=sample_rate, out_path=out_path)
+
+
 class SoundfontRenderRequest(BaseModel):
     """Render MIDI notes → WAV bằng soundfont THẬT qua native FluidSynth
     (pyfluidsynth) — luồng âm instrument cho môi trường STANDALONE (xử lí
diff --git a/app/core/native_render.py b/app/core/native_render.py
index 14c6ea9..bac0f96 100644
--- a/app/core/native_render.py
+++ b/app/core/native_render.py
@@ -192,3 +192,85 @@ def render_offline(instrument_id, notes, bpm, sample_rate, preset_id=None,
                 os.remove(job_path)
             except Exception:
                 pass
+
+
+def render_fx_chain(input_wav, fx_chain, sample_rate, out_path=None) -> str:
+    """Render WAV qua native_bridge --render-fx (VST3 FX + builtin gain/normalize).
+
+    fx_chain: list dict {type: "vst3"|"builtin", path|id, preset_b64?, bypass?,
+    params?}. path là plugin id/name → resolve_plugin_path (".vst3"). Trả
+    out_path; lỗi → HTTPException (501 thiếu bridge, 404 plugin lạ, 500 render).
+    """
+    from app.core.vst_engine import resolve_plugin_path
+    exe = find_bridge_exe()
+    if not exe:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=501,
+            detail="native_bridge không khả dụng — đặt SF_BRIDGE_PATH hoặc cài daw_vst_bridge",
+        )
+    slots = []
+    for fx in fx_chain or []:
+        typ = fx.get("type")
+        if typ == "vst3":
+            p = (fx.get("path") or "").strip()
+            resolved = p if os.path.isfile(p) else resolve_plugin_path(p, ".vst3")
+            if not resolved:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=404,
+                    detail=f"Không tìm thấy VST3 FX: {p} — bấm Plugins Manager → Scan trước.",
+                )
+            slots.append({"type": "vst3", "path": resolved,
+                          "preset_b64": fx.get("preset_b64", "") or "",
+                          "bypass": bool(fx.get("bypass"))})
+        elif typ == "builtin":
+            slots.append({"type": "builtin", "id": fx.get("id", "gain"),
+                          "params": dict(fx.get("params") or {}),
+                          "bypass": bool(fx.get("bypass"))})
+        else:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"fx_chain slot không hợp lệ: {typ}")
+    if not slots:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="fx_chain trống — không có FX để render")
+    job = {"sample_rate": int(sample_rate), "block_size": 512, "fx_chain": slots}
+    os.makedirs(settings.PROCESSED_DIR, exist_ok=True)
+    out = out_path or os.path.join(settings.PROCESSED_DIR, f"fx_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:10]}.wav")
+    job_path = out + ".job.json"
+    try:
+        with open(job_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
+            json.dump(job, fh)
+        r = subprocess.run([exe, "--render-fx", job_path, "--in", input_wav, "--out", out],
+                           capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=120)
+        log = ((r.stdout or "") + (r.stderr or "")).strip()
+        if r.returncode != 0 or not os.path.isfile(out):
+            if os.path.exists(out):
+                try:
+                    os.remove(out)
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+            if r.returncode == 2:
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=500,
+                                    detail=f"Bridge không load được plugin. {log[-500:]}")
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=500,
+                                detail=f"FX render thất bại (rc={r.returncode}). {log[-500:]}")
+        return out
+    except HTTPException:
+        raise
+    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
+        if os.path.exists(out):
+            try:
+                os.remove(out)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="FX render quá lâu (timeout 120s)")
+    except Exception as e:
+        if os.path.exists(out):
+            try:
+                os.remove(out)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"FX render thất bại: {e}")
+    finally:
+        if os.path.exists(job_path):
+            try:
+                os.remove(job_path)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
diff --git a/app/core/render_engine.py b/app/core/render_engine.py
index 5cdb0cf..3d4c7d1 100644
--- a/app/core/render_engine.py
+++ b/app/core/render_engine.py
@@ -390,6 +390,39 @@ class PythonRenderEngine:
                 except Exception as e:
                     logger.warning("[RenderEngine] Fallback Reverb failed: %s", e)
 
+            # Track FX chain (VST3/builtin) — FX Rack per-track: render track
+            # buffer qua native_bridge --render-fx. Ưu tiên fx_chain; fx_type
+            # cũ (chorus/reverb scipy) giữ làm fallback khi không có fx_chain.
+            track_fx_chain = track.get("vst_fx_chain") or []
+            if track_fx_chain and not track.get("vst_fx_bypass"):
+                if settings.RENDER_ENGINE == "bridge":
+                    try:
+                        from app.core.native_render import render_fx_chain
+                        tmp_in = os.path.join(
+                            settings.PROCESSED_DIR,
+                            f"trackfx_in_{os.getpid()}_{np.random.randint(100000)}.wav")
+                        tmp_out = tmp_in.replace("trackfx_in_", "trackfx_out_")
+                        try:
+                            sf.write(tmp_in, track_buffer.T, self.sample_rate, subtype="FLOAT")
+                            render_fx_chain(input_wav=tmp_in, fx_chain=track_fx_chain,
+                                            sample_rate=self.sample_rate, out_path=tmp_out)
+                            data, _ = sf.read(tmp_out, dtype="float32", always_2d=True)
+                            if data.shape[1] >= 2:
+                                track_buffer = data.T[:2, :]
+                            else:
+                                track_buffer = np.repeat(data.T, 2, axis=0)
+                        finally:
+                            for f in (tmp_in, tmp_out):
+                                if os.path.exists(f):
+                                    try:
+                                        os.remove(f)
+                                    except Exception:
+                                        pass
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        logger.warning("[RenderEngine] Track FX chain skipped: %s", e)
+                else:
+                    logger.warning("[RenderEngine] Track FX chain cần RENDER_ENGINE=bridge — bỏ qua")
+
             # Process track volume
             gain_linear = 10 ** (vol_db / 20.0)
             processed_track = track_buffer * gain_linear
@@ -427,6 +460,39 @@ class PythonRenderEngine:
                 _cache={},
             )
 
+            # Masterbus FX chain (VST3 FX / builtin) — render qua native_bridge
+            # --render-fx, rồi volume_db master; backward compatible (không có
+            # master.fx_chain → giữ nguyên luồng cũ).
+            master = main_session.get("master") or {}
+            fx_chain = master.get("fx_chain") or []
+            if fx_chain and not master.get("bypass"):
+                if settings.RENDER_ENGINE == "bridge":
+                    try:
+                        from app.core.native_render import render_fx_chain
+                        tmp_in = os.path.join(settings.PROCESSED_DIR,
+                                              f"master_in_{os.getpid()}_{np.random.randint(100000)}.wav")
+                        tmp_out = tmp_in.replace("master_in_", "master_out_")
+                        try:
+                            sf.write(tmp_in, master_buffer.T, self.sample_rate, subtype="FLOAT")
+                            render_fx_chain(input_wav=tmp_in, fx_chain=fx_chain,
+                                            sample_rate=self.sample_rate, out_path=tmp_out)
+                            data, _ = sf.read(tmp_out, dtype="float32", always_2d=True)
+                            if data.shape[1] >= 2:
+                                master_buffer = data.T[:2, :]
+                            else:
+                                master_buffer = np.repeat(data.T, 2, axis=0)
+                        finally:
+                            for f in (tmp_in, tmp_out):
+                                if os.path.exists(f):
+                                    try:
+                                        os.remove(f)
+                                    except Exception:
+                                        pass
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        logger.warning("[RenderEngine] Masterbus FX skipped: %s", e)
+                else:
+                    logger.warning("[RenderEngine] Masterbus FX cần RENDER_ENGINE=bridge — bỏ qua")
+
             # Normalization to prevent clipping
             max_peak = np.max(np.abs(master_buffer))
             if max_peak > 1.0:
diff --git a/app/core/vst_engine.py b/app/core/vst_engine.py
index 0778243..1de2533 100644
--- a/app/core/vst_engine.py
+++ b/app/core/vst_engine.py
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import numpy as np
 import functools
 import threading
 from ctypes import c_char_p
+import subprocess
+
 
 # Native render (bridge/pyfluidsynth) không thread-safe: tuần tự hóa
 RENDER_LOCK = threading.RLock()
@@ -280,6 +282,7 @@ class PluginManager:
         # Synth chỉ quét vst_dir env mặc định /opt/daw_engine/vst3).
         self.extra_vst_dirs = [d for d in (extra_vst_dirs or []) if d]
         self._sf_scan_cache = None  # cache for _scan_soundfonts()
+        self._fx_scan_cache = None  # cache for list_fx()
 
     def _scan_plugins(self) -> dict:
         plugins = {}
@@ -453,6 +456,52 @@ class PluginManager:
             "soundfonts": self._scan_soundfonts()
         }
 
+    def list_fx(self, refresh=False) -> list:
+        """VST3 effect plugins (is_fx) từ native_bridge --scan (SEH-safe).
+
+        Bridge tự phân loại FX/instrument theo VST3 subCategory; VST2 (.dll/.so)
+        không introspect được nên bridge báo instrument — bỏ qua ở đây. Cache
+        process-wide; refresh=True quét lại (Plugins Manager → Scan).
+        """
+        if not refresh and self._fx_scan_cache is not None:
+            return self._fx_scan_cache
+        from app.core.native_render import find_bridge_exe
+        exe = find_bridge_exe()
+        results = []
+        if exe:
+            dirs = [d for d in [self.vst_dir] + self.extra_vst_dirs
+                    if d and os.path.isdir(d)]
+            for d in dirs:
+                try:
+                    r = subprocess.run([exe, "--scan", d], capture_output=True,
+                                       text=True, timeout=300)
+                except Exception:
+                    continue
+                if r.returncode != 0:
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    data = json.loads(r.stdout[r.stdout.find("{"):])
+                except Exception:
+                    continue
+                for p in data.get("plugins", []):
+                    if not p.get("is_fx"):
+                        continue
+                    path = p.get("path", "")
+                    if not path:
+                        continue
+                    name = p.get("name") or os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(path))[0]
+                    results.append({"id": name, "name": name, "path": path,
+                                    "type": p.get("type", "VST3")})
+        seen, uniq = set(), []
+        for fx in results:
+            if fx["path"] in seen:
+                continue
+            seen.add(fx["path"])
+            uniq.append(fx)
+        uniq.sort(key=lambda x: x["name"].lower())
+        self._fx_scan_cache = uniq
+        return uniq
+
     @staticmethod
     def midi_events_to_messages(midi_events: list, bpm: float, sr: int, bank: int = None, program: int = None) -> list:
         beat_duration_sec = 60.0 / max(30.0, bpm)
diff --git a/app/static/js/app.jsx b/app/static/js/app.jsx
index f48be95..95c42b1 100644
--- a/app/static/js/app.jsx
+++ b/app/static/js/app.jsx
@@ -10885,6 +10885,8 @@ const serializeTracksList = (tracksList, secondsPerBar) => {
       synth_engine: t.synth_engine || undefined,
       midi_channel: t.midiChannel !== undefined ? t.midiChannel : null,
       fx_chain: (t.fxChain || []).map(m => typeof m === 'string' ? { type: m, active: true } : { type: m.type, active: m.active !== false }),
+      vst_fx_chain: (t.vstFxChain || []).map(s => ({ type: s.type || 'vst3', path: s.path || '', name: s.name || '', preset_b64: s.preset_b64 || '', bypass: !!s.bypass })),
+      vst_fx_bypass: !!t.vstFxBypass,
       server_file_id: t.serverFileId || null,
       items: items
     };
@@ -10985,6 +10987,8 @@ const deserializeTracksList = (schemaTracks, secondsPerBar, sectionStore, visite
       soundfont_program: t.soundfont_program !== null ? t.soundfont_program : undefined,
       synth_engine: t.synth_engine || undefined,
       fxChain: (t.fx_chain || []).map(m => typeof m === 'string' ? { type: m, active: true } : { type: m.type || m, active: m.active !== false }),
+      vstFxChain: (t.vst_fx_chain || []).map(s => ({ type: s.type || 'vst3', path: s.path || '', name: s.name || '', preset_b64: s.preset_b64 || '', bypass: !!s.bypass })),
+      vstFxBypass: t.vst_fx_bypass !== undefined ? !!t.vst_fx_bypass : false,
     };
   });
 };
@@ -11094,7 +11098,15 @@ const serializeProjectToSchema = (projectId, name, bpmVal, tracksList, subTabsLi
         return maxBar;
       })(),
       auto_compute_length: true,
-      tracks: mainTracks
+      tracks: mainTracks,
+      ...(masteringSettings && Array.isArray(masteringSettings.vstFxChain) && masteringSettings.vstFxChain.length > 0 ? {
+        master: {
+          fx_chain: masteringSettings.vstFxChain.map(s => ({ type: s.type || 'vst3', path: s.path || '', name: s.name || '', preset_b64: s.preset_b64 || '', bypass: !!s.bypass })),
+          volume_db: 0,
+          mute: false,
+          bypass: !!masteringSettings.vstBypass
+        }
+      } : {})
     },
     sub_tabs: subTabs,
     section_store: sectionStore,
@@ -11177,12 +11189,19 @@ const deserializeProjectFromSchema = (schemaObj) => {
     return migrated;
   };
 
+  const _migratedMastering = _migrateMasteringSettings(schemaObj.mastering_settings) || {};
+  const _masterBus = (schemaObj.main_session && schemaObj.main_session.master) || {};
+  const _masterFx = Array.isArray(_masterBus.fx_chain) ? _masterBus.fx_chain : [];
   return {
     bpm: bpmVal,
     tracks: restoredTracks,
     sessionTabs: restoredSessionTabs,
     subTabs: restoredSubTabs,
-    masteringSettings: _migrateMasteringSettings(schemaObj.mastering_settings),
+    masteringSettings: {
+      ..._migratedMastering,
+      vstFxChain: _masterFx.map(s => ({ type: s.type || 'vst3', path: s.path || '', name: s.name || '', preset_b64: s.preset_b64 || '', bypass: !!s.bypass })),
+      vstBypass: !!_masterBus.bypass
+    },
     zoom: schemaObj.metadata && schemaObj.metadata.zoom ? parseFloat(schemaObj.metadata.zoom) : 1.0
   };
 };
@@ -11735,6 +11754,25 @@ const ExportModal = ({ open, onClose, exportSettings, setExportSettings, isExpor
   );
 };
 
+  const vstRow = (s, idx, toggleV, changeV, uploadV, moveV, removeV, fxl, chainLen) => (
+    <div key={idx} className="flex items-center gap-2 bg-slate-900/60 border border-slate-800 rounded-lg px-2 py-1.5 flex-wrap">
+      <button onClick={() => toggleV(idx)} className={`w-4 h-4 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-[9px] font-bold shrink-0 ${!s.bypass ? 'bg-teal-500 text-slate-950' : 'bg-slate-700 text-slate-300'}`} title={s.bypass ? 'Bypass' : 'Active'}>
+        <i data-lucide="power" className="w-2.5 h-2.5"></i>
+      </button>
+      <span className="text-[10px] font-bold text-slate-300 font-mono w-6 shrink-0">{idx + 1}</span>
+      <select value={s.path || ''} onChange={e => changeV(idx, e.target.value)} className="flex-1 min-w-[200px] bg-slate-950 border border-slate-700 text-teal-300 rounded px-2 py-1 text-[11px] outline-none focus:border-teal-500">
+        <option value="">— Chọn VST FX —</option>
+        {(fxl || []).map(f => <option key={f.path} value={f.path}>{f.name || f.id}</option>)}
+      </select>
+      <span className={`text-[9px] font-mono ${s.preset_b64 ? 'text-emerald-400' : 'text-slate-600'}`}>{s.preset_b64 ? '✓ preset' : 'no preset'}</span>
+      <button onClick={() => uploadV(idx)} className="px-2 py-1 bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-slate-300 text-[10px] font-semibold rounded transition" title="Upload .vstpreset xuất từ Carla (Save preset)">Preset</button>
+      <button onClick={() => { if (!s.path) { window.showToast && window.showToast('Chọn VST FX trước', 'warning'); return; } window.SonicAPI.openInCarla(s.name || s.path, s.path).then(r => { if (r && r.success) window.showToast && window.showToast('Đã mở Carla với ' + (s.name || s.path) + ' — chỉnh âm trong Carla rồi Save preset', 'success'); else window.showToast && window.showToast('Không mở được Carla', 'error'); }).catch(err => window.showToast && window.showToast('Lỗi mở Carla: ' + (err.message || err), 'error')); }} className="px-2 py-1 bg-teal-800 hover:bg-teal-700 text-teal-100 text-[10px] font-semibold rounded transition" title="Mở native GUI trong Carla">Carla</button>
+      <button onClick={() => moveV(idx, -1)} disabled={idx === 0} className="w-6 h-6 bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-slate-300 rounded text-xs disabled:opacity-30" title="Lên"><i data-lucide="chevron-up" className="w-3 h-3"></i></button>
+      <button onClick={() => moveV(idx, 1)} disabled={idx === chainLen - 1} className="w-6 h-6 bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-slate-300 rounded text-xs disabled:opacity-30" title="Xuống"><i data-lucide="chevron-down" className="w-3 h-3"></i></button>
+      <button onClick={() => removeV(idx)} className="text-slate-600 hover:text-red-400 text-xs px-0.5" title="Xóa slot"><i data-lucide="x" className="w-3 h-3"></i></button>
+    </div>
+  );
+
 const FXRackModal = ({ track, onUpdateTrack, onClose }) => {
   const [activeType, setActiveType] = React.useState('eq');
   const [addModuleOpen, setAddModuleOpen] = React.useState(false);
@@ -11758,9 +11796,59 @@ const FXRackModal = ({ track, onUpdateTrack, onClose }) => {
     }
   }, [track && track.id]);
 
+  // VST FX (native_bridge --render-fx) — list VST3 effect plugins + preview
+  const [fxList, setFxList] = React.useState([]);
+  React.useEffect(() => {
+    if (window.SonicAPI && window.SonicAPI.listFx) {
+      window.SonicAPI.listFx().then(d => setFxList((d && d.plugins) || [])).catch(() => setFxList([]));
+    }
+  }, [track && track.id]);
+  const previewAudioRef = React.useRef(null);
+  const [vstBypass, setVstBypass] = React.useState(!!(track && track.vstFxBypass));
+  const [addVstSel, setAddVstSel] = React.useState('');
+
   if (!track) return null;
 
   const chain = track.fxChain || [];
+
+  // ── VST FX chain (native_bridge --render-fx, áp dụng khi Export/Offline render) ──
+  const vstChain = (track.vstFxChain || []);
+  const setVstChain = (next) => { if (onUpdateTrack) onUpdateTrack(track.id, { vstFxChain: next, vstFxBypass: vstBypass }); };
+  const toggleVst = (idx) => setVstChain(vstChain.map((s, i) => i === idx ? { ...s, bypass: !s.bypass } : s));
+  const removeVst = (idx) => setVstChain(vstChain.filter((_, i) => i !== idx));
+  const moveVst = (idx, dir) => { const j = idx + dir; if (j < 0 || j >= vstChain.length) return; const next = [...vstChain]; const mv = next.splice(idx, 1)[0]; next.splice(j, 0, mv); setVstChain(next); };
+  const addVst = (path) => { const fx = (fxList || []).find(f => f.path === path); if (!fx) return; setVstChain([...vstChain, { type: 'vst3', path: fx.path, name: fx.name || fx.id, preset_b64: '', bypass: false }]); };
+  const changeVstPlugin = (idx, path) => { const fx = (fxList || []).find(f => f.path === path); setVstChain(vstChain.map((s, i) => i === idx ? { ...s, path, name: fx ? (fx.name || fx.id) : s.name, preset_b64: '' } : s)); };
+  const uploadVstPreset = (idx) => {
+    const inp = document.createElement('input');
+    inp.type = 'file';
+    inp.accept = '.vstpreset,.fxp,.fxb,.dspreset';
+    inp.onchange = () => {
+      const f = inp.files && inp.files[0];
+      if (!f) return;
+      const reader = new FileReader();
+      reader.onload = () => {
+        const b64 = String(reader.result || '').split(',')[1] || '';
+        setVstChain(vstChain.map((s, i) => i === idx ? { ...s, preset_b64: b64 } : s));
+        window.showToast && window.showToast('Đã gắn preset .vstpreset vào slot ' + (idx + 1), 'success');
+      };
+      reader.readAsDataURL(f);
+    };
+    inp.click();
+  };
+  const previewFx = async () => {
+    try {
+      if (previewAudioRef.current) { previewAudioRef.current.pause(); previewAudioRef.current = null; }
+      if (!window.__renderProjectPreview) { window.showToast && window.showToast('Không có hàm render preview', 'warning'); return; }
+      window.showToast && window.showToast('Đang render offline (bridge)...', 'info');
+      const res = await window.__renderProjectPreview();
+      const au = new Audio((window.API_BASE_URL || '') + res.url);
+      previewAudioRef.current = au;
+      au.onended = () => { previewAudioRef.current = null; };
+      au.play().then(() => window.showToast && window.showToast('Preview offline — âm thật = âm export (VST FX)', 'success')).catch(() => {});
+    } catch (e) { /* toast ở __renderProjectPreview */ }
+  };
+
   const setChain = (next) => {
     if (onUpdateTrack) onUpdateTrack(track.id, { fxChain: next });
     if (window.__rebuildTrackFxGraph) window.__rebuildTrackFxGraph(track.id);
@@ -12033,6 +12121,30 @@ const FXRackModal = ({ track, onUpdateTrack, onClose }) => {
           </button>
         </div>
 
+        {/* VST FX CHAIN (native_bridge --render-fx — áp dụng khi Export/Offline render) */}
+        <div className="bg-slate-950 border border-teal-900/60 rounded-xl px-3 py-2 flex flex-col gap-2 shrink-0 select-none">
+          <div className="flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2">
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2 min-w-0">
+              <span className="text-[10px] font-bold text-teal-400 uppercase tracking-widest font-mono shrink-0">VST FX:</span>
+              <span className="text-[9px] text-slate-500 font-mono truncate">Plugin VST3 (Ozone...) — realtime browser vẫn WebAudio builtin; VST áp dụng lúc Export/Offline render (preview = âm export)</span>
+            </div>
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2 shrink-0">
+              <button onClick={previewFx} className="px-2 py-1 bg-teal-800 hover:bg-teal-700 text-teal-100 text-[10px] font-semibold rounded transition flex items-center gap-1">
+                <i data-lucide="play" className="w-3 h-3"></i> Nghe thử (render offline)
+              </button>
+              <label className="flex items-center gap-1 text-[10px] text-slate-400 font-mono cursor-pointer">
+                <input type="checkbox" checked={vstBypass} onChange={e => { const val = e.target.checked; setVstBypass(val); if (onUpdateTrack) onUpdateTrack(track.id, { vstFxBypass: val }); }} className="w-3 h-3" /> Bypass
+              </label>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          {vstChain.length === 0 && <div className="text-[10px] text-slate-500 font-mono">Chưa có VST FX — chọn plugin bên dưới để thêm vào insert chain (WebAudio chain → VST FX → Fader).</div>}
+          {vstChain.map((s, idx) => vstRow(s, idx, toggleVst, changeVstPlugin, uploadVstPreset, moveVst, removeVst, fxList, vstChain.length))}
+          <select value={addVstSel} onChange={e => { setAddVstSel(e.target.value); if (e.target.value) { addVst(e.target.value); setAddVstSel(''); } }} className="w-full bg-slate-950 border border-dashed border-slate-700 hover:border-teal-600 text-teal-300 rounded px-2 py-1.5 text-[11px] outline-none" title="Thêm VST FX">
+            <option value="">+ Thêm VST FX...</option>
+            {(fxList || []).map(f => <option key={f.path} value={f.path}>{f.name || f.id}</option>)}
+          </select>
+        </div>
+
         {/* WORKSPACE CONTROLS */}
         <div className="flex-1 bg-slate-950 border border-slate-800 rounded-xl p-4 flex flex-col gap-4 min-h-[240px] overflow-y-auto oz-scrollbar">
           <div className="h-8 bg-slate-900/80 border-b border-slate-800/80 px-3 flex items-center justify-between text-xs font-mono rounded-t-lg shrink-0">
@@ -12257,6 +12369,44 @@ const MasteringModal = ({ isOpen, onClose, masteringSettings, setMasteringSettin
     }));
   };
 
+  // ── VST FX masterbus (native_bridge --render-fx, áp dụng khi Export/Offline render) ──
+  const masterVstChain = (ozState.vstFxChain || []);
+  const setMasterVstChain = (next) => setOzState(prev => ({ ...prev, vstFxChain: next }));
+  const toggleMasterVst = (idx) => setMasterVstChain(masterVstChain.map((s, i) => i === idx ? { ...s, bypass: !s.bypass } : s));
+  const removeMasterVst = (idx) => setMasterVstChain(masterVstChain.filter((_, i) => i !== idx));
+  const moveMasterVst = (idx, dir) => { const j = idx + dir; if (j < 0 || j >= masterVstChain.length) return; const next = [...masterVstChain]; const mv = next.splice(idx, 1)[0]; next.splice(j, 0, mv); setMasterVstChain(next); };
+  const addMasterVst = (path) => { const fx = (masterFxList || []).find(f => f.path === path); if (!fx) return; setMasterVstChain([...masterVstChain, { type: 'vst3', path: fx.path, name: fx.name || fx.id, preset_b64: '', bypass: false }]); };
+  const changeMasterVstPlugin = (idx, path) => { const fx = (masterFxList || []).find(f => f.path === path); setMasterVstChain(masterVstChain.map((s, i) => i === idx ? { ...s, path, name: fx ? (fx.name || fx.id) : s.name, preset_b64: '' } : s)); };
+  const uploadMasterVstPreset = (idx) => {
+    const inp = document.createElement('input');
+    inp.type = 'file';
+    inp.accept = '.vstpreset,.fxp,.fxb,.dspreset';
+    inp.onchange = () => {
+      const f = inp.files && inp.files[0];
+      if (!f) return;
+      const reader = new FileReader();
+      reader.onload = () => {
+        const b64 = String(reader.result || '').split(',')[1] || '';
+        setMasterVstChain(masterVstChain.map((s, i) => i === idx ? { ...s, preset_b64: b64 } : s));
+        window.showToast && window.showToast('Đã gắn preset .vstpreset vào slot ' + (idx + 1), 'success');
+      };
+      reader.readAsDataURL(f);
+    };
+    inp.click();
+  };
+  const previewMasterFx = async () => {
+    try {
+      if (previewAudioRef.current) { previewAudioRef.current.pause(); previewAudioRef.current = null; }
+      if (!window.__renderProjectPreview) { window.showToast && window.showToast('Không có hàm render preview', 'warning'); return; }
+      window.showToast && window.showToast('Đang render offline (bridge)...', 'info');
+      const res = await window.__renderProjectPreview();
+      const au = new Audio((window.API_BASE_URL || '') + res.url);
+      previewAudioRef.current = au;
+      au.onended = () => { previewAudioRef.current = null; };
+      au.play().then(() => window.showToast && window.showToast('Preview offline — âm thật = âm export (VST FX)', 'success')).catch(() => {});
+    } catch (e) { /* toast ở __renderProjectPreview */ }
+  };
+
   const audioRef = React.useRef({ source: null });
   const eqCanvasRef = React.useRef(null);
   const imagerCanvasRef = React.useRef(null);
@@ -12266,6 +12416,16 @@ const MasteringModal = ({ isOpen, onClose, masteringSettings, setMasteringSettin
   const lufsAccRef = React.useRef([]);
   const knobsInitializedRef = React.useRef(false);
 
+  // VST FX masterbus (native_bridge --render-fx) — list VST3 effect plugins + preview
+  const [masterFxList, setMasterFxList] = React.useState([]);
+  React.useEffect(() => {
+    if (window.SonicAPI && window.SonicAPI.listFx) {
+      window.SonicAPI.listFx().then(d => setMasterFxList((d && d.plugins) || [])).catch(() => setMasterFxList([]));
+    }
+  }, []);
+  const previewAudioRef = React.useRef(null);
+  const [addMasterVstSel, setAddMasterVstSel] = React.useState('');
+
   // Wave Observer Refs & States
   const woCanvasRef = React.useRef(null);
   const woLeftHistoryRef = React.useRef(new Float32Array(400).fill(0));
@@ -12966,6 +13126,30 @@ const MasteringModal = ({ isOpen, onClose, masteringSettings, setMasteringSettin
           </button>
         </div>
 
+        {/* VST FX MASTERBUS (native_bridge --render-fx — áp dụng khi Export/Offline render) */}
+        <div className="bg-slate-950 border-b border-teal-900/60 px-4 py-2 flex flex-col gap-2 shrink-0">
+          <div className="flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap gap-2">
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2 min-w-0">
+              <span className="text-[10px] font-bold text-teal-400 uppercase tracking-widest oz-font-mono shrink-0">VST FX MASTERBUS:</span>
+              <span className="text-[9px] text-slate-500 oz-font-mono truncate">Plugin VST3 (Ozone...) — realtime browser vẫn WebAudio builtin; VST áp dụng lúc Export/Offline render (preview = âm export)</span>
+            </div>
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2 shrink-0">
+              <button onClick={previewMasterFx} className="px-2 py-1 bg-teal-800 hover:bg-teal-700 text-teal-100 text-[10px] font-semibold rounded transition flex items-center gap-1">
+                <i data-lucide="play" className="w-3 h-3"></i> Nghe thử (render offline)
+              </button>
+              <label className="flex items-center gap-1 text-[10px] text-slate-400 oz-font-mono cursor-pointer">
+                <input type="checkbox" checked={!!ozState.vstBypass} onChange={e => setOzState(prev => ({ ...prev, vstBypass: e.target.checked }))} className="w-3 h-3" /> Bypass
+              </label>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          {masterVstChain.length === 0 && <div className="text-[10px] text-slate-500 oz-font-mono">Chưa có VST FX masterbus — chọn plugin bên dưới (Ozone...) để chạy chain sau khi mix WebAudio.</div>}
+          {masterVstChain.map((s, idx) => vstRow(s, idx, toggleMasterVst, changeMasterVstPlugin, uploadMasterVstPreset, moveMasterVst, removeMasterVst, masterFxList, masterVstChain.length))}
+          <select value={addMasterVstSel} onChange={e => { setAddMasterVstSel(e.target.value); if (e.target.value) { addMasterVst(e.target.value); setAddMasterVstSel(''); } }} className="w-full bg-slate-950 border border-dashed border-slate-700 hover:border-teal-600 text-teal-300 rounded px-2 py-1.5 text-[11px] outline-none" title="Thêm VST FX">
+            <option value="">+ Thêm VST FX...</option>
+            {(masterFxList || []).map(f => <option key={f.path} value={f.path}>{f.name || f.id}</option>)}
+          </select>
+        </div>
+
         {/* MAIN WORKSPACE */}
         <main className="flex-1 flex overflow-hidden min-h-0">
 
@@ -17417,6 +17601,18 @@ const App = () => {
   // Unified FX Rack target context (unified_fx_rack_panel.md): { trackId, trackName } | null
   const [fxRackTarget, setFxRackTarget] = useState(null);
   window.__openFxRack = (trackId, trackName) => setFxRackTarget({ trackId, trackName });
+  // Render offline toàn project qua native_bridge (VST FX masterbus + track) → WAV.
+  // Dùng cho nút "Nghe thử" trong FX Rack / Mastering — preview = âm export.
+  window.__renderProjectPreview = async () => {
+    const schema = serializeProjectToSchema(currentProjectId || 'temp_project', projectName || 'Dự án tạm chưa lưu', bpm, tracks, subTabs, sessionTabs, masteringSettings);
+    try {
+      const res = await window.SonicAPI.renderProject(schema, 'preview_' + Date.now() + '.wav');
+      return res;
+    } catch (e) {
+      window.showToast && window.showToast('Render preview lỗi: ' + (e.message || e), 'error');
+      throw e;
+    }
+  };
   const [masteringSettings, setMasteringSettings] = useState({
     masterConnected: true,  // ⚠️ FIX: bật ON mặc định — MIDI item/preview PHẢI được xử lí qua mastering FX ngay khi chạy app (không cần bật/tắt power)
     activeModule: 'eq',
@@ -17443,6 +17639,8 @@ const App = () => {
     limActive: false, limThreshold: -1.0,
     excActive: false, excDrive: 40,
     rebalActive: false, rebalMid: 0, rebalSide: 0,
+    vstFxChain: [],
+    vstBypass: false,
   });
 
   useEffect(() => {
diff --git a/app/static/js/app.precompiled.js b/app/static/js/app.precompiled.js
index 626ba09..112d2aa 100644
--- a/app/static/js/app.precompiled.js
+++ b/app/static/js/app.precompiled.js
@@ -651,19 +651,19 @@ handleSwitchMidiItem(m.id);},className:"flex items-center justify-center flex-1
 if(t.clips&&t.clips.length>0){t.clips.forEach(c=>{const durationSec=c.buffer?c.buffer.duration:4.0;const clipFileId=c.serverFileId||t.serverFileId;items.push({id:c.id,name:c.name||"Audio Clip",type:"AUDIO_ITEM",start_bar:c.startTime/secondsPerBar,duration_bars:durationSec/(c.speed||1.0)/secondsPerBar,clip_start_offset_bars:0.0,source_data:{audio_file_url:clipFileId?`/static/audio/uploads/${clipFileId}`:"",sample_rate:c.buffer?c.buffer.sampleRate:44100,channels:c.buffer?c.buffer.numberOfChannels:2,gain:1.0,server_file_id:clipFileId}});});}if(t.midiItems&&t.midiItems.length>0){t.midiItems.forEach(m=>{items.push({id:m.id,name:m.name||"MIDI Item",type:"MIDI_ITEM",start_bar:m.startTime/secondsPerBar,duration_bars:m.duration?m.duration/secondsPerBar:4.0,clip_start_offset_bars:0.0,source_data:{total_buffer_bars:m.duration?m.duration/secondsPerBar:8.0,notes:(m.notes||[]).map(n=>({id:n.id||'note_'+Math.random().toString(36).substr(2,9),pitch:n.pitch||60,start_beat:n.start_beat||0.0,duration_beats:n.duration_beats||1.0,velocity:n.velocity||0.8,pan:n.pan||0.0}))}});});}if(t.sections&&t.sections.length>0){t.sections.forEach(s=>{items.push({id:s.id,name:s.name||"Section Item",type:"SECTION_ITEM",start_bar:s.start/secondsPerBar,duration_bars:s.duration/secondsPerBar,clip_start_offset_bars:0.0,source_data:{// KHÔNG fallback s.id: section item thiếu sectionId (insert thiếu
 // field) → fallback = chính id item → TỰ TRỎ → block lồng + mất
 // nội dung. Chỉ dùng sectionId; undefined → deserialize block rỗng.
-referenced_section_id:s.sectionId}});});}return{id:t.id,name:t.name,type:trackType,color:t.color||null,volume_db:t.volumeDb||0.0,pan:t.pan||0.0,mute:t.muted||false,solo:t.solo||false,mastering_bypass:t.audioBypass||false,audio_bypass:t.audioBypass||false,midi_bypass:t.midiBypass||false,fx_active:t.fxActive!==false,instrument_id:t.instrumentId||null,instrument_program:t.instrumentProgram!==undefined?t.instrumentProgram:null,instrument_name:t.instrumentName||null,instrument_source:t.instrument_source||(t.synth_engine?t.synth_engine.type:null),soundfont_id:t.soundfont_id||(t.synth_engine?t.synth_engine.soundfont_id:null),soundfont_bank:t.soundfont_bank!==undefined?t.soundfont_bank:t.synth_engine?t.synth_engine.soundfont_bank:null,soundfont_program:t.soundfont_program!==undefined?t.soundfont_program:t.synth_engine?t.synth_engine.soundfont_program:null,synth_engine:t.synth_engine||undefined,midi_channel:t.midiChannel!==undefined?t.midiChannel:null,fx_chain:(t.fxChain||[]).map(m=>typeof m==='string'?{type:m,active:true}:{type:m.type,active:m.active!==false}),server_file_id:t.serverFileId||null,items:items};});};const deserializeTracksList=(schemaTracks,secondsPerBar,sectionStore,visitedSections,depth)=>{// Guard CHU TRÌNH: SECTION_ITEM trỏ về section đang được deserialize (hoặc
+referenced_section_id:s.sectionId}});});}return{id:t.id,name:t.name,type:trackType,color:t.color||null,volume_db:t.volumeDb||0.0,pan:t.pan||0.0,mute:t.muted||false,solo:t.solo||false,mastering_bypass:t.audioBypass||false,audio_bypass:t.audioBypass||false,midi_bypass:t.midiBypass||false,fx_active:t.fxActive!==false,instrument_id:t.instrumentId||null,instrument_program:t.instrumentProgram!==undefined?t.instrumentProgram:null,instrument_name:t.instrumentName||null,instrument_source:t.instrument_source||(t.synth_engine?t.synth_engine.type:null),soundfont_id:t.soundfont_id||(t.synth_engine?t.synth_engine.soundfont_id:null),soundfont_bank:t.soundfont_bank!==undefined?t.soundfont_bank:t.synth_engine?t.synth_engine.soundfont_bank:null,soundfont_program:t.soundfont_program!==undefined?t.soundfont_program:t.synth_engine?t.synth_engine.soundfont_program:null,synth_engine:t.synth_engine||undefined,midi_channel:t.midiChannel!==undefined?t.midiChannel:null,fx_chain:(t.fxChain||[]).map(m=>typeof m==='string'?{type:m,active:true}:{type:m.type,active:m.active!==false}),vst_fx_chain:(t.vstFxChain||[]).map(s=>({type:s.type||'vst3',path:s.path||'',name:s.name||'',preset_b64:s.preset_b64||'',bypass:!!s.bypass})),vst_fx_bypass:!!t.vstFxBypass,server_file_id:t.serverFileId||null,items:items};});};const deserializeTracksList=(schemaTracks,secondsPerBar,sectionStore,visitedSections,depth)=>{// Guard CHU TRÌNH: SECTION_ITEM trỏ về section đang được deserialize (hoặc
 // chu trình A→B→A) → recursion vô hạn → RangeError: Maximum call stack size
 // exceeded khi restore project. Visited-set chặn cycle; depth chặn lồng sâu.
-const visited=visitedSections||new Set();const curDepth=depth||0;if(curDepth>12)return[];return(schemaTracks||[]).map(t=>{const clips=[];const sections=[];const midiItems=[];(t.items||[]).forEach(item=>{if(item.type==="AUDIO_ITEM"){const src=item.source_data||{};const clipFileId=src.server_file_id||(src.audio_file_url?src.audio_file_url.split('/').pop():null)||null;clips.push({id:item.id,name:item.name,startTime:item.start_bar*secondsPerBar,speed:1.0,duration:item.duration_bars*secondsPerBar,serverFileId:clipFileId});}else if(item.type==="MIDI_ITEM"){const src=item.source_data||{};midiItems.push({id:item.id,name:item.name,parent_track_id:t.id,startTime:item.start_bar*secondsPerBar,duration:item.duration_bars*secondsPerBar,length_bars:item.duration_bars||4,notes:(src.notes||[]).map(n=>({id:n.id,pitch:n.pitch||60,start_beat:n.start_beat||0.0,duration_beats:n.duration_beats||1.0,velocity:n.velocity||0.8,pan:n.pan||0.0}))});}else if(item.type==="SECTION_ITEM"){const src=item.source_data||{};const secId=src.referenced_section_id;const secContainer=sectionStore?sectionStore[secId]:null;const isCycle=secContainer?visited.has(secId):false;sections.push({id:item.id,name:item.name,start:item.start_bar*secondsPerBar,duration:item.duration_bars*secondsPerBar,length_bars:item.duration_bars||4,sectionId:secId,tracks:secContainer&&!isCycle?deserializeTracksList(secContainer.tracks,secondsPerBar,sectionStore,new Set(visited).add(secId),curDepth+1):null});}});return{id:t.id,name:t.name,type:t.type==='MIDI'?'MIDI':t.type==='SECTION'?'SECTION':'audio',volumeDb:t.volume_db||0.0,pan:t.pan||0.0,muted:t.mute||false,solo:t.solo||false,masteringBypass:t.audio_bypass!==undefined?t.audio_bypass:t.mastering_bypass||false,audioBypass:t.audio_bypass!==undefined?t.audio_bypass:t.mastering_bypass||false,midiBypass:t.midi_bypass!==undefined?t.midi_bypass:t.mastering_bypass||false,fxActive:t.fx_active!==undefined?t.fx_active:true,color:t.color||(t.id==='1'?'#0f766e':'#1d4ed8'),startTime:t.start_time||0,height:t.height||140,markers:t.markers||[],serverFileId:t.server_file_id||t.items&&t.items.find(function(i){return i.type==='AUDIO_ITEM';})?.source_data?.server_file_id||t.items&&t.items.find(function(i){return i.type==='AUDIO_ITEM';})?.source_data?.audio_file_url?.split('/').pop()||null,channelInfo:t.channel_info||null,isArmed:t.is_armed||false,monitoringEnabled:t.monitoring_enabled!==false,inputSource:t.input_source?{deviceType:t.input_source.device_type||'NONE',deviceId:t.input_source.device_id||''}:{deviceType:'NONE',deviceId:''},midiChannel:t.midi_channel!=null?t.midi_channel:undefined,is_percussion:t.is_percussion||false,clips:clips,sections:sections,midiItems:midiItems,instrumentId:t.instrumentId!=null?t.instrumentId:t.instrument_id||null,instrumentProgram:t.instrumentProgram!==undefined&&t.instrumentProgram!==null?t.instrumentProgram:t.instrument_program!==null?t.instrument_program:undefined,instrumentName:t.instrument_name||null,instrument_source:t.instrument_source||null,soundfont_id:t.soundfont_id||null,soundfont_bank:t.soundfont_bank!==null?t.soundfont_bank:undefined,soundfont_program:t.soundfont_program!==null?t.soundfont_program:undefined,synth_engine:t.synth_engine||undefined,fxChain:(t.fx_chain||[]).map(m=>typeof m==='string'?{type:m,active:true}:{type:m.type||m,active:m.active!==false})};});};const serializeProjectToSchema=(projectId,name,bpmVal,tracksList,subTabsList,sessionTabsList,masteringSettings)=>{const secondsPerBar=60.0/parseFloat(bpmVal||120)*4;const mainTracks=serializeTracksList(tracksList,secondsPerBar);const sectionStore={};// Helper: compute length_bars from tracks content
+const visited=visitedSections||new Set();const curDepth=depth||0;if(curDepth>12)return[];return(schemaTracks||[]).map(t=>{const clips=[];const sections=[];const midiItems=[];(t.items||[]).forEach(item=>{if(item.type==="AUDIO_ITEM"){const src=item.source_data||{};const clipFileId=src.server_file_id||(src.audio_file_url?src.audio_file_url.split('/').pop():null)||null;clips.push({id:item.id,name:item.name,startTime:item.start_bar*secondsPerBar,speed:1.0,duration:item.duration_bars*secondsPerBar,serverFileId:clipFileId});}else if(item.type==="MIDI_ITEM"){const src=item.source_data||{};midiItems.push({id:item.id,name:item.name,parent_track_id:t.id,startTime:item.start_bar*secondsPerBar,duration:item.duration_bars*secondsPerBar,length_bars:item.duration_bars||4,notes:(src.notes||[]).map(n=>({id:n.id,pitch:n.pitch||60,start_beat:n.start_beat||0.0,duration_beats:n.duration_beats||1.0,velocity:n.velocity||0.8,pan:n.pan||0.0}))});}else if(item.type==="SECTION_ITEM"){const src=item.source_data||{};const secId=src.referenced_section_id;const secContainer=sectionStore?sectionStore[secId]:null;const isCycle=secContainer?visited.has(secId):false;sections.push({id:item.id,name:item.name,start:item.start_bar*secondsPerBar,duration:item.duration_bars*secondsPerBar,length_bars:item.duration_bars||4,sectionId:secId,tracks:secContainer&&!isCycle?deserializeTracksList(secContainer.tracks,secondsPerBar,sectionStore,new Set(visited).add(secId),curDepth+1):null});}});return{id:t.id,name:t.name,type:t.type==='MIDI'?'MIDI':t.type==='SECTION'?'SECTION':'audio',volumeDb:t.volume_db||0.0,pan:t.pan||0.0,muted:t.mute||false,solo:t.solo||false,masteringBypass:t.audio_bypass!==undefined?t.audio_bypass:t.mastering_bypass||false,audioBypass:t.audio_bypass!==undefined?t.audio_bypass:t.mastering_bypass||false,midiBypass:t.midi_bypass!==undefined?t.midi_bypass:t.mastering_bypass||false,fxActive:t.fx_active!==undefined?t.fx_active:true,color:t.color||(t.id==='1'?'#0f766e':'#1d4ed8'),startTime:t.start_time||0,height:t.height||140,markers:t.markers||[],serverFileId:t.server_file_id||t.items&&t.items.find(function(i){return i.type==='AUDIO_ITEM';})?.source_data?.server_file_id||t.items&&t.items.find(function(i){return i.type==='AUDIO_ITEM';})?.source_data?.audio_file_url?.split('/').pop()||null,channelInfo:t.channel_info||null,isArmed:t.is_armed||false,monitoringEnabled:t.monitoring_enabled!==false,inputSource:t.input_source?{deviceType:t.input_source.device_type||'NONE',deviceId:t.input_source.device_id||''}:{deviceType:'NONE',deviceId:''},midiChannel:t.midi_channel!=null?t.midi_channel:undefined,is_percussion:t.is_percussion||false,clips:clips,sections:sections,midiItems:midiItems,instrumentId:t.instrumentId!=null?t.instrumentId:t.instrument_id||null,instrumentProgram:t.instrumentProgram!==undefined&&t.instrumentProgram!==null?t.instrumentProgram:t.instrument_program!==null?t.instrument_program:undefined,instrumentName:t.instrument_name||null,instrument_source:t.instrument_source||null,soundfont_id:t.soundfont_id||null,soundfont_bank:t.soundfont_bank!==null?t.soundfont_bank:undefined,soundfont_program:t.soundfont_program!==null?t.soundfont_program:undefined,synth_engine:t.synth_engine||undefined,fxChain:(t.fx_chain||[]).map(m=>typeof m==='string'?{type:m,active:true}:{type:m.type||m,active:m.active!==false}),vstFxChain:(t.vst_fx_chain||[]).map(s=>({type:s.type||'vst3',path:s.path||'',name:s.name||'',preset_b64:s.preset_b64||'',bypass:!!s.bypass})),vstFxBypass:t.vst_fx_bypass!==undefined?!!t.vst_fx_bypass:false};});};const serializeProjectToSchema=(projectId,name,bpmVal,tracksList,subTabsList,sessionTabsList,masteringSettings)=>{const secondsPerBar=60.0/parseFloat(bpmVal||120)*4;const mainTracks=serializeTracksList(tracksList,secondsPerBar);const sectionStore={};// Helper: compute length_bars from tracks content
 const computeLengthBars=(tracksArr,spb)=>{let maxSec=0;(tracksArr||[]).forEach(tr=>{(tr.clips||[]).forEach(c=>{const end=(c.startTime||0)+(c.buffer?c.buffer.duration/(c.speed||1.0):4);if(end>maxSec)maxSec=end;});(tr.midiItems||[]).forEach(m=>{const end=(m.startTime||0)+(m.duration||4);if(end>maxSec)maxSec=end;});});return Math.ceil((maxSec||4)/spb);};// 1. Populate from sessionTabsList (open tabs)
 (sessionTabsList||[]).forEach(st=>{const serializedTracks=serializeTracksList(st.tracks,secondsPerBar);sectionStore[st.sectionId]={id:st.sectionId,name:st.name,is_root:false,length_bars:computeLengthBars(st.tracks,secondsPerBar),auto_compute_length:true,tracks:serializedTracks,color:st.color||null};});// 2. Also populate from tracksList (closed tabs saved inside Section items)
-const scanForSections=tracks=>{(tracks||[]).forEach(t=>{if(t.sections){t.sections.forEach(s=>{const secId=s.sectionId||s.id;if(s.tracks&&!sectionStore[secId]){sectionStore[secId]={id:secId,name:s.name,is_root:false,length_bars:computeLengthBars(s.tracks,secondsPerBar),auto_compute_length:true,tracks:serializeTracksList(s.tracks,secondsPerBar),color:s.color||null};}if(s.tracks){scanForSections(s.tracks);}});}});};scanForSections(tracksList);const subTabs=(subTabsList||[]).map(st=>{return{id:st.id,label:st.label,type:st.type,track_id:st.trackId,target_id:st.target_id,parent_tab_id:st.parent_tab_id,notes:st.notes||[],duration:st.duration||4,instrument_program:st.instrumentProgram,instrument_name:st.instrumentName,synth_engine:st.synth_engine||null,current_time:st.currentTime||0,color:st.color||null};});return{project_id:projectId||'proj_'+Date.now(),metadata:{title:name||"Dự án mới",bpm:parseFloat(bpmVal||120),time_signature_numerator:4,time_signature_denominator:4,sample_rate:44100,zoom:window.__sfTimelineZoom||window.__currentZoom||1.0},main_session:{id:"main",name:"MAIN SESSION",is_root:true,length_bars:(()=>{let maxBar=16.0;(mainTracks||[]).forEach(t=>{(t.items||[]).forEach(item=>{const end=(item.start_bar||0)+(item.duration_bars||4);if(end>maxBar)maxBar=end;});});return maxBar;})(),auto_compute_length:true,tracks:mainTracks},sub_tabs:subTabs,section_store:sectionStore,mastering_settings:masteringSettings||null};};const deserializeProjectFromSchema=schemaObj=>{const bpmVal=schemaObj.metadata?schemaObj.metadata.bpm:120;const secondsPerBar=60.0/bpmVal*4;const sectionStore=schemaObj.section_store||{};const restoredTracks=deserializeTracksList(schemaObj.main_session.tracks,secondsPerBar,sectionStore);const restoredSessionTabs=[];Object.keys(sectionStore).forEach(secId=>{const secContainer=sectionStore[secId];const secTracks=deserializeTracksList(secContainer.tracks,secondsPerBar,sectionStore);restoredSessionTabs.push({id:'session_'+secId,name:secContainer.name,sectionId:secId,tracks:secTracks,length_bars:secContainer.length_bars||16.0,auto_compute_length:secContainer.auto_compute_length!==undefined?secContainer.auto_compute_length:true,color:secContainer.color||null});});const restoredSubTabs=(schemaObj.sub_tabs||[]).map(st=>{return{id:st.id,label:st.label,type:st.type,trackId:st.track_id,target_id:st.target_id,parent_tab_id:st.parent_tab_id,notes:st.notes||[],duration:st.duration||4,instrumentProgram:st.instrument_program,instrumentName:st.instrument_name,synth_engine:st.synth_engine||null,currentTime:st.current_time||0,color:st.color||null};});// Migrate mastering settings saved with the OLD imager width scale
+const scanForSections=tracks=>{(tracks||[]).forEach(t=>{if(t.sections){t.sections.forEach(s=>{const secId=s.sectionId||s.id;if(s.tracks&&!sectionStore[secId]){sectionStore[secId]={id:secId,name:s.name,is_root:false,length_bars:computeLengthBars(s.tracks,secondsPerBar),auto_compute_length:true,tracks:serializeTracksList(s.tracks,secondsPerBar),color:s.color||null};}if(s.tracks){scanForSections(s.tracks);}});}});};scanForSections(tracksList);const subTabs=(subTabsList||[]).map(st=>{return{id:st.id,label:st.label,type:st.type,track_id:st.trackId,target_id:st.target_id,parent_tab_id:st.parent_tab_id,notes:st.notes||[],duration:st.duration||4,instrument_program:st.instrumentProgram,instrument_name:st.instrumentName,synth_engine:st.synth_engine||null,current_time:st.currentTime||0,color:st.color||null};});return{project_id:projectId||'proj_'+Date.now(),metadata:{title:name||"Dự án mới",bpm:parseFloat(bpmVal||120),time_signature_numerator:4,time_signature_denominator:4,sample_rate:44100,zoom:window.__sfTimelineZoom||window.__currentZoom||1.0},main_session:{id:"main",name:"MAIN SESSION",is_root:true,length_bars:(()=>{let maxBar=16.0;(mainTracks||[]).forEach(t=>{(t.items||[]).forEach(item=>{const end=(item.start_bar||0)+(item.duration_bars||4);if(end>maxBar)maxBar=end;});});return maxBar;})(),auto_compute_length:true,tracks:mainTracks,...(masteringSettings&&Array.isArray(masteringSettings.vstFxChain)&&masteringSettings.vstFxChain.length>0?{master:{fx_chain:masteringSettings.vstFxChain.map(s=>({type:s.type||'vst3',path:s.path||'',name:s.name||'',preset_b64:s.preset_b64||'',bypass:!!s.bypass})),volume_db:0,mute:false,bypass:!!masteringSettings.vstBypass}}:{})},sub_tabs:subTabs,section_store:sectionStore,mastering_settings:masteringSettings||null};};const deserializeProjectFromSchema=schemaObj=>{const bpmVal=schemaObj.metadata?schemaObj.metadata.bpm:120;const secondsPerBar=60.0/bpmVal*4;const sectionStore=schemaObj.section_store||{};const restoredTracks=deserializeTracksList(schemaObj.main_session.tracks,secondsPerBar,sectionStore);const restoredSessionTabs=[];Object.keys(sectionStore).forEach(secId=>{const secContainer=sectionStore[secId];const secTracks=deserializeTracksList(secContainer.tracks,secondsPerBar,sectionStore);restoredSessionTabs.push({id:'session_'+secId,name:secContainer.name,sectionId:secId,tracks:secTracks,length_bars:secContainer.length_bars||16.0,auto_compute_length:secContainer.auto_compute_length!==undefined?secContainer.auto_compute_length:true,color:secContainer.color||null});});const restoredSubTabs=(schemaObj.sub_tabs||[]).map(st=>{return{id:st.id,label:st.label,type:st.type,trackId:st.track_id,target_id:st.target_id,parent_tab_id:st.parent_tab_id,notes:st.notes||[],duration:st.duration||4,instrumentProgram:st.instrument_program,instrumentName:st.instrument_name,synth_engine:st.synth_engine||null,currentTime:st.current_time||0,color:st.color||null};});// Migrate mastering settings saved with the OLD imager width scale
 // (−100..+100, 0 = original width) to the new imager_spec.md scale
 // (0..200, 0% = MONO, 100% = original, 200% = double width): old value v
 // meant S × (1 + v/100), which equals the new value (v + 100). Projects
 // saved after the migration carry `imagerScale: 'v2'` and are kept as-is.
 const _migrateMasteringSettings=ms=>{if(!ms)return null;const migrated=ms.imagerScale==='v2'?{...ms}:{...ms,w1:(ms.w1??0)+100,w2:(ms.w2??0)+100,w3:(ms.w3??0)+100,w4:(ms.w4??0)+100,imagerScale:'v2'};// mastering_expand.md: extension modules + dynamic chain (default = old chain order)
-if(!Array.isArray(migrated.chain)){migrated.chain=DEFAULT_MASTER_CHAIN.map(m=>({...m}));}if(migrated.compActive===undefined)migrated.compActive=false;if(migrated.compThreshold===undefined)migrated.compThreshold=-16;if(migrated.compRatio===undefined)migrated.compRatio=3;if(migrated.compMakeup===undefined)migrated.compMakeup=0;if(migrated.limActive===undefined)migrated.limActive=false;if(migrated.limThreshold===undefined)migrated.limThreshold=-1.0;if(migrated.excActive===undefined)migrated.excActive=false;if(migrated.excDrive===undefined)migrated.excDrive=40;if(migrated.rebalActive===undefined)migrated.rebalActive=false;if(migrated.rebalMid===undefined)migrated.rebalMid=0;if(migrated.rebalSide===undefined)migrated.rebalSide=0;return migrated;};return{bpm:bpmVal,tracks:restoredTracks,sessionTabs:restoredSessionTabs,subTabs:restoredSubTabs,masteringSettings:_migrateMasteringSettings(schemaObj.mastering_settings),zoom:schemaObj.metadata&&schemaObj.metadata.zoom?parseFloat(schemaObj.metadata.zoom):1.0};};// ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+if(!Array.isArray(migrated.chain)){migrated.chain=DEFAULT_MASTER_CHAIN.map(m=>({...m}));}if(migrated.compActive===undefined)migrated.compActive=false;if(migrated.compThreshold===undefined)migrated.compThreshold=-16;if(migrated.compRatio===undefined)migrated.compRatio=3;if(migrated.compMakeup===undefined)migrated.compMakeup=0;if(migrated.limActive===undefined)migrated.limActive=false;if(migrated.limThreshold===undefined)migrated.limThreshold=-1.0;if(migrated.excActive===undefined)migrated.excActive=false;if(migrated.excDrive===undefined)migrated.excDrive=40;if(migrated.rebalActive===undefined)migrated.rebalActive=false;if(migrated.rebalMid===undefined)migrated.rebalMid=0;if(migrated.rebalSide===undefined)migrated.rebalSide=0;return migrated;};const _migratedMastering=_migrateMasteringSettings(schemaObj.mastering_settings)||{};const _masterBus=schemaObj.main_session&&schemaObj.main_session.master||{};const _masterFx=Array.isArray(_masterBus.fx_chain)?_masterBus.fx_chain:[];return{bpm:bpmVal,tracks:restoredTracks,sessionTabs:restoredSessionTabs,subTabs:restoredSubTabs,masteringSettings:{..._migratedMastering,vstFxChain:_masterFx.map(s=>({type:s.type||'vst3',path:s.path||'',name:s.name||'',preset_b64:s.preset_b64||'',bypass:!!s.bypass})),vstBypass:!!_masterBus.bypass},zoom:schemaObj.metadata&&schemaObj.metadata.zoom?parseFloat(schemaObj.metadata.zoom):1.0};};// ──────────────────────────────────────────────
 // MASTERING KNOB COMPONENT (Dynamic pointer events version)
 // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
 const MasteringKnob=({param,min,max,value,unit,label,color,onChange,size='small'})=>{const[isDragging,setIsDragging]=React.useState(false);const startYRef=React.useRef(0);const startValRef=React.useRef(0);const handlePointerDown=e=>{e.preventDefault();setIsDragging(true);startYRef.current=e.clientY;startValRef.current=value;e.currentTarget.setPointerCapture(e.pointerId);};const handlePointerMove=e=>{if(!isDragging)return;const deltaY=startYRef.current-e.clientY;let newVal=startValRef.current+deltaY/150*(max-min);newVal=Math.min(max,Math.max(min,newVal));onChange(param,newVal);};const handlePointerUp=e=>{setIsDragging(false);try{e.currentTarget.releasePointerCapture(e.pointerId);}catch(err){}};const pct=(value-min)/(max-min);const angle=-135+pct*270;const isLarge=size==='large';const dialClass=isLarge?'w-20 h-20 border-4 bg-slate-900':'w-10 h-10 border-2 bg-slate-800';const pointerHeight=isLarge?'h-6':'h-3';const valClass=isLarge?'text-xs text-cyan-300 font-bold mt-2 z-10':'text-[9px] text-slate-300 font-mono mt-1 font-bold';return/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex flex-col items-center select-none"},label&&/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-[10px] font-bold text-slate-400 mb-1.5 uppercase tracking-wide"},label),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:`${dialClass} rounded-full relative flex items-center justify-center cursor-ns-resize shadow-lg`,style:{borderColor:color},onPointerDown:handlePointerDown,onPointerMove:handlePointerMove,onPointerUp:handlePointerUp,onPointerCancel:handlePointerUp},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"w-0.5 absolute rounded origin-bottom",style:{backgroundColor:color,height:isLarge?'22px':'12px',top:isLarge?'6px':'4px',transform:`rotate(${angle}deg)`,transformOrigin:'50% 100%'}}),isLarge&&/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-[10px] font-bold text-cyan-300 z-10 bg-slate-950/80 px-1 py-0.5 rounded border border-slate-800"},value>0&&unit==='dB'?'+':'',value.toFixed(1)," ",unit)),!isLarge&&/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:valClass},value>0&&unit==='dB'?'+':'',value.toFixed(1),unit));};// ──────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -688,10 +688,12 @@ const specMods=(spectrumModules?spectrumModules():null)||(getModule?[getModule()
 const applyAll=applyTo||(fn=>{if(typeof window!=='undefined'&&window.__getTrackFxModule){const a=window.__getTrackFxModule(track.id,'eqpro');if(a)fn(a);}if(typeof window!=='undefined'&&window.__getTrackSfFxModule){const b=window.__getTrackSfFxModule(track.id,'eqpro');if(b)fn(b);}});const onDown=e=>{const cv=canvasRef.current,w=cv.clientWidth,h=cv.clientHeight;const{x,y}=toLocal(e);const s=st.current;let hit=false;for(let i=0;i<s.bands.length;i++){const b=s.bands[i];if(Math.hypot(x-eqproFreqToX(b.freq,w),y-eqproGainToY(eqproNodeDb(b),h))<=10){s.selected=i;s.dragId=i;s.mode='center';hit=true;break;}}if(!hit&&s.selected!==null){const b=s.bands[s.selected];const nx=eqproFreqToX(b.freq,w),ny=eqproGainToY(eqproNodeDb(b),h),wo=eqproQToWing(b.q);if(Math.hypot(x-(nx-wo),y-ny)<=8||Math.hypot(x-(nx+wo),y-ny)<=8){s.dragId=s.selected;s.mode='wing';hit=true;}}if(!hit)s.selected=null;try{cv.setPointerCapture(e.pointerId);}catch(err){}setTick(t=>t+1);};const onMove=e=>{const s=st.current;if(s.dragId===null)return;const cv=canvasRef.current,w=cv.clientWidth,h=cv.clientHeight;const{x,y}=toLocal(e);const mx=Math.max(0,Math.min(w,x)),my=Math.max(0,Math.min(h,y));const b=s.bands[s.dragId];if(s.mode==='center'){const f=eqproClamp(parseFloat(eqproXToFreq(mx,w).toFixed(1)),EQPRO_F_MIN,EQPRO_F_MAX);// Filters without a Gain control (highpass/lowpass/notch/bandpass) stay on
 // the 0 dB axis — only frequency is draggable for them.
 const g=eqproBandHasGain(b.type)?eqproClamp(parseFloat(eqproYToGain(my,h).toFixed(1)),-EQPRO_MAX_DB,EQPRO_MAX_DB):0;b.freq=f;b.gain=g;applyAll(mm=>mm.setBand(s.dragId,{freq:f,gain:g}));}else if(s.mode==='wing'){const q=eqproWingToQ(Math.abs(mx-eqproFreqToX(b.freq,w)));b.q=q;applyAll(mm=>mm.setBand(s.dragId,{q}));}setTick(t=>t+1);};const onUp=e=>{const s=st.current;if(s.dragId!==null)commit();s.dragId=null;s.mode=null;try{canvasRef.current.releasePointerCapture(e.pointerId);}catch(err){}};const onWheel=e=>{e.preventDefault();const s=st.current;if(s.selected===null)return;const b=s.bands[s.selected];b.q=eqproClamp(parseFloat((b.q+(e.deltaY<0?0.2:-0.2)).toFixed(1)),0.1,18);applyAll(mm=>mm.setBand(s.selected,{q:b.q}));setTick(t=>t+1);};const onDblClick=e=>{const cv=canvasRef.current,w=cv.clientWidth,h=cv.clientHeight;const{x,y}=toLocal(e);const s=st.current;const hitIdx=s.bands.findIndex(b=>Math.hypot(x-eqproFreqToX(b.freq,w),y-eqproGainToY(b.gain,h))<=10);if(hitIdx!==-1){s.bands.splice(hitIdx,1);if(s.selected===hitIdx)s.selected=null;else if(s.selected!==null&&s.selected>hitIdx)s.selected--;}else{if(s.bands.length>=EQPRO_MAX_BANDS)return;s.bands.push({type:'peaking',freq:eqproClamp(parseFloat(eqproXToFreq(x,w).toFixed(1)),EQPRO_F_MIN,EQPRO_F_MAX),gain:eqproClamp(parseFloat(eqproYToGain(y,h).toFixed(1)),-EQPRO_MAX_DB,EQPRO_MAX_DB),q:1.2,active:true});s.selected=s.bands.length-1;}applyAll(mm=>mm.syncBands(s.bands));commit();setTick(t=>t+1);};const sel=st.current.selected!==null?st.current.bands[st.current.selected]:null;const selIdx=st.current.selected;const cvW=canvasRef.current?canvasRef.current.clientWidth:460;const cvH=240;const hudColor=selIdx!==null?EQPRO_BAND_COLORS[selIdx%EQPRO_BAND_COLORS.length]:EQPRO_BAND_COLORS[0];const hudXY=(()=>{if(st.current.hudPos){// Clamp so the HUD always stays inside the canvas area (buttons clickable).
-return{hx:Math.max(0,Math.min((canvasRef.current?canvasRef.current.clientWidth:460)-268,st.current.hudPos.hx)),hy:Math.max(0,Math.min((canvasRef.current?canvasRef.current.clientHeight:240)-225,st.current.hudPos.hy))};}if(!sel)return null;const nx=eqproFreqToX(sel.freq,cvW),ny=eqproGainToY(sel.gain,cvH);let hx=nx-130,hy=ny-195;if(hx<8)hx=8;if(hx>cvW-268)hx=cvW-268;if(hy<8)hy=ny+24;return{hx,hy};})();return/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"space-y-2"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center justify-between text-[11px] font-mono"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center gap-3"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-slate-400"},"Bands: ",/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-teal-300 font-bold"},st.current.bands.length),"/8"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("label",{className:"flex items-center gap-1.5"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-slate-400"},"Amount:"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("input",{type:"range",min:0,max:200,value:st.current.amount,onChange:e=>{st.current.amount=parseInt(e.target.value);applyAll(mm=>mm.setAmount(st.current.amount));commit();setTick(t=>t+1);},className:"w-20 h-1 cursor-pointer",style:{accentColor:'#2dd4bf'}}),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-teal-300 font-bold w-10"},st.current.amount,"%"))),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center gap-1"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{onClick:()=>{const s=st.current;s.bands=JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(EQPRO_DEFAULT_BANDS));s.selected=null;applyAll(mm=>mm.syncBands(s.bands));commit();setTick(t=>t+1);},className:"px-2 py-1 bg-slate-800 hover:bg-red-900/60 text-slate-300 border border-slate-700 rounded text-[10px]"},"Reset"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{onClick:()=>{const s=st.current;if(s.bands.length>=EQPRO_MAX_BANDS)return;s.bands.push({type:'peaking',freq:1000,gain:0,q:1.0,active:true});s.selected=s.bands.length-1;applyAll(mm=>mm.syncBands(s.bands));commit();setTick(t=>t+1);},className:"px-2 py-1 bg-teal-900/50 hover:bg-teal-800 text-teal-300 border border-teal-700 rounded text-[10px]"},"+ Band"))),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"relative"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("canvas",{ref:canvasRef,className:"w-full h-60 block cursor-crosshair rounded-lg border border-slate-800 bg-slate-950",onPointerDown:onDown,onPointerMove:onMove,onPointerUp:onUp,onWheel:onWheel,onDoubleClick:onDblClick}),sel&&hudXY&&/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"absolute z-10 w-64 rounded-xl p-3 text-[11px] font-mono space-y-2 pointer-events-auto cursor-move",style:{left:hudXY.hx,top:hudXY.hy,background:'rgba(15,23,42,0.94)',border:'1px solid rgba(45,212,191,0.3)',boxShadow:'0 10px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.8)',backdropFilter:'blur(12px)'},onPointerDown:e=>{const s=st.current;s.dragHud=true;const r=e.currentTarget.getBoundingClientRect();s.hudOffsetX=e.clientX-r.left;s.hudOffsetY=e.clientY-r.top;e.currentTarget.setPointerCapture(e.pointerId);},onPointerMove:e=>{const s=st.current;if(!s.dragHud)return;const cv=canvasRef.current;const w=cv?cv.clientWidth:460;s.hudPos={hx:Math.max(0,Math.min(w-268,e.clientX-s.hudOffsetX-(cv?cv.getBoundingClientRect().left:0))),hy:Math.max(0,e.clientY-s.hudOffsetY-(cv?cv.getBoundingClientRect().top:0))};setTick(t=>t+1);},onPointerUp:e=>{st.current.dragHud=false;try{e.currentTarget.releasePointerCapture(e.pointerId);}catch(err){}}},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center justify-between border-b border-slate-700/80 pb-1.5"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center gap-2"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"w-4 h-4 rounded-full text-slate-950 font-bold flex items-center justify-center text-[10px]",style:{background:hudColor.badge}},selIdx+1),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"font-bold text-white uppercase tracking-wider"},"Band ",selIdx+1)),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center gap-1"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{title:"Bypass band",onClick:()=>{const s=st.current;s.bands[s.selected].active=!s.bands[s.selected].active;applyAll(mm=>mm.setBand(s.selected,{active:s.bands[s.selected].active}));commit();setTick(t=>t+1);},className:`w-5 h-5 rounded flex items-center justify-center text-[10px] ${sel.active?'bg-slate-800 text-slate-400':'bg-amber-600 text-white'}`},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("i",{className:"fa-solid fa-power-off"})),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{title:"Delete band",onClick:()=>{const s=st.current;s.bands.splice(s.selected,1);s.selected=null;applyAll(mm=>mm.syncBands(s.bands));commit();setTick(t=>t+1);},className:"w-5 h-5 rounded bg-slate-800 hover:bg-red-600 text-slate-400 hover:text-white flex items-center justify-center text-[10px]"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("i",{className:"fa-solid fa-xmark"})))),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",null,/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("label",{className:"block text-[9px] text-slate-400 uppercase tracking-widest mb-1"},"Filter Shape"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("select",{value:sel.type,onChange:ev=>{const s=st.current;s.bands[s.selected].type=ev.target.value;applyAll(mm=>mm.setBand(s.selected,{type:ev.target.value}));commit();setTick(t=>t+1);},className:"w-full bg-slate-950 border border-slate-700 text-teal-300 rounded px-2 py-1 text-[11px] outline-none"},['peaking','highpass','lowpass','lowshelf','highshelf','notch','bandpass'].map(t=>/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("option",{key:t,value:t},t==='peaking'?'Bell / Peaking':t==='highpass'?'Low Cut / High Pass':t==='lowpass'?'High Cut / Low Pass':t==='lowshelf'?'Low Shelf':t==='highshelf'?'High Shelf':t==='notch'?'Notch / Band Stop':'Band Pass')))),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"grid grid-cols-3 gap-2 text-center bg-slate-950/80 p-2 rounded-lg border border-slate-800"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",null,/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"text-[9px] text-slate-500"},"FREQ"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"text-teal-300 font-bold text-[11px]"},sel.freq>=1000?(sel.freq/1000).toFixed(2)+' kHz':Math.round(sel.freq)+' Hz')),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",null,/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"text-[9px] text-slate-500"},"GAIN"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"text-amber-400 font-bold text-[11px]"},eqproBandHasGain(sel.type)?(sel.gain>0?'+':'')+sel.gain.toFixed(1)+' dB':'0.0 dB')),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",null,/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"text-[9px] text-slate-500"},"Q"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"text-purple-400 font-bold 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+React.useEffect(()=>{if(track&&window.SonicAPI&&window.SonicAPI.listPlugins){window.SonicAPI.listPlugins().then(d=>setFxCarlaVsts(d&&d.vst_instruments||[])).catch(()=>setFxCarlaVsts([]));}},[track&&track.id]);// VST FX (native_bridge --render-fx) — list VST3 effect plugins + preview
+const[fxList,setFxList]=React.useState([]);React.useEffect(()=>{if(window.SonicAPI&&window.SonicAPI.listFx){window.SonicAPI.listFx().then(d=>setFxList(d&&d.plugins||[])).catch(()=>setFxList([]));}},[track&&track.id]);const previewAudioRef=React.useRef(null);const[vstBypass,setVstBypass]=React.useState(!!(track&&track.vstFxBypass));const[addVstSel,setAddVstSel]=React.useState('');if(!track)return null;const chain=track.fxChain||[];// ── VST FX chain (native_bridge --render-fx, áp dụng khi Export/Offline render) ──
+const vstChain=track.vstFxChain||[];const setVstChain=next=>{if(onUpdateTrack)onUpdateTrack(track.id,{vstFxChain:next,vstFxBypass:vstBypass});};const toggleVst=idx=>setVstChain(vstChain.map((s,i)=>i===idx?{...s,bypass:!s.bypass}:s));const removeVst=idx=>setVstChain(vstChain.filter((_,i)=>i!==idx));const moveVst=(idx,dir)=>{const j=idx+dir;if(j<0||j>=vstChain.length)return;const next=[...vstChain];const mv=next.splice(idx,1)[0];next.splice(j,0,mv);setVstChain(next);};const addVst=path=>{const fx=(fxList||[]).find(f=>f.path===path);if(!fx)return;setVstChain([...vstChain,{type:'vst3',path:fx.path,name:fx.name||fx.id,preset_b64:'',bypass:false}]);};const changeVstPlugin=(idx,path)=>{const fx=(fxList||[]).find(f=>f.path===path);setVstChain(vstChain.map((s,i)=>i===idx?{...s,path,name:fx?fx.name||fx.id:s.name,preset_b64:''}:s));};const uploadVstPreset=idx=>{const inp=document.createElement('input');inp.type='file';inp.accept='.vstpreset,.fxp,.fxb,.dspreset';inp.onchange=()=>{const f=inp.files&&inp.files[0];if(!f)return;const reader=new FileReader();reader.onload=()=>{const b64=String(reader.result||'').split(',')[1]||'';setVstChain(vstChain.map((s,i)=>i===idx?{...s,preset_b64:b64}:s));window.showToast&&window.showToast('Đã gắn preset .vstpreset vào slot '+(idx+1),'success');};reader.readAsDataURL(f);};inp.click();};const previewFx=async()=>{try{if(previewAudioRef.current){previewAudioRef.current.pause();previewAudioRef.current=null;}if(!window.__renderProjectPreview){window.showToast&&window.showToast('Không có hàm render preview','warning');return;}window.showToast&&window.showToast('Đang render offline (bridge)...','info');const res=await window.__renderProjectPreview();const au=new Audio((window.API_BASE_URL||'')+res.url);previewAudioRef.current=au;au.onended=()=>{previewAudioRef.current=null;};au.play().then(()=>window.showToast&&window.showToast('Preview offline — âm thật = âm export (VST FX)','success')).catch(()=>{});}catch(e){/* toast ở __renderProjectPreview */}};const setChain=next=>{if(onUpdateTrack)onUpdateTrack(track.id,{fxChain:next});if(window.__rebuildTrackFxGraph)window.__rebuildTrackFxGraph(track.id);};const paramsOf=m=>({...(TRACK_FX_DEFAULTS[m.type]||{}),...(m.params||{})});const setParams=(idx,patch)=>{const next=chain.map((m,i)=>i===idx?{...m,params:{...paramsOf(m),...patch}}:m);setChain(next);};const toggleMod=idx=>{const next=chain.map((m,i)=>i===idx?{...m,active:!(m.active!==false)}:m);setChain(next);};const removeMod=idx=>setChain(chain.filter((_,i)=>i!==idx));const addMod=type=>{const def=TRACK_FX_DEFAULTS[type]||{};// Deep-clone default params so each chain entry owns its data (bands array
 // especially — shared references would corrupt other modules' state).
 const params=Array.isArray(def.bands)?{...def,bands:JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(def.bands))}:{...def};setChain([...chain,{type,active:true,params}]);setActiveType(type);setAddModuleOpen(false);};const applyPreset=key=>{const preset=TRACK_EQ_PRESETS[key];if(!preset)return;const idx=chain.findIndex(m=>m.type==='eq'&&m.active!==false);if(idx>=0)setParams(idx,{g1:preset.g[0],g2:preset.g[1],g3:preset.g[2],g4:preset.g[3]});};const activeMod=chain.find(m=>m.type===activeType)||chain[chain.length-1]||null;const activeIdx=chain.findIndex(m=>m===activeMod);const ap=activeMod?paramsOf(activeMod):{};const slider=(label,val,min,max,step,color,onChange,fmt)=>/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex flex-col gap-1"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex justify-between text-[11px] font-mono"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{style:{color,fontWeight:700}},label),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-slate-300"},fmt?fmt(val):val)),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("input",{type:"range",min:min,max:max,step:step||0.1,value:val,onChange:e=>onChange(parseFloat(e.target.value)),className:"w-full h-1 cursor-pointer",style:{accentColor:color}}));// ── Wave Observer real-time scope render loop ──
 React.useEffect(()=>{const canvas=scopeCanvasRef.current;if(!canvas||!track)return;const st=scopeStateRef.current;let raf=null;const draw=()=>{raf=requestAnimationFrame(draw);const w=canvas.width,h=canvas.height;const ctx=canvas.getContext('2d');ctx.clearRect(0,0,w,h);// Grid
@@ -704,10 +706,12 @@ ctx.strokeStyle='rgba(51, 65, 85, 0.35)';for(let i=1;i<5;i++){const y=i/5*h;ctx.
 const bands=[{type:'lowshelf',f0:100,gain:ap.g1||0,q:0.7},{type:'peaking',f0:800,gain:ap.g2||0,q:0.7},{type:'peaking',f0:3200,gain:ap.g3||0,q:1.2},{type:'highshelf',f0:10000,gain:ap.g4||0,q:0.7}];const pts=[];const N=120;for(let i=0;i<=N;i++){const f=20*Math.pow(20000/20,i/N);let db=0;bands.forEach(b=>{const lf=Math.log(f/b.f0);if(b.type==='peaking'){db+=b.gain/(1+Math.pow(lf*b.q,2));}else if(b.type==='highshelf'){db+=b.gain/2*(1+2/Math.PI*Math.atan(lf/(1/b.q)));}else{db+=b.gain/2*(1-2/Math.PI*Math.atan(lf/(1/b.q)));}});const x=i/N*w;const y=midY-db/12*(h/2);pts.push([x,y]);}// fill
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-ctx.fillStyle='#475569';ctx.font='9px monospace';ctx.fillText('+12 dB',4,midY-h/2+10);ctx.fillText('0 dB',4,midY+3);ctx.fillText('-12 dB',4,midY+h/2-4);ctx.fillText('20Hz',4,h-2);ctx.fillText('20kHz',w-38,h-2);},[ap.g1,ap.g2,ap.g3,ap.g4,activeMod]);return/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"fixed inset-0 z-[115] bg-black/80 backdrop-blur-sm flex items-center justify-center p-4",onClick:onClose},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"w-full max-w-4xl bg-slate-900 border border-slate-700 rounded-2xl p-5 space-y-4 shadow-2xl flex flex-col max-h-[90vh] text-slate-200",onClick:e=>e.stopPropagation()},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center justify-between border-b border-slate-800 pb-3"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center gap-2"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"w-3 h-3 rounded-full bg-cyan-400 animate-pulse"}),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("h3",{className:"text-xs font-bold text-white uppercase tracking-wider font-mono"},track.name," \u2014 FX RACK PANEL")),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{onClick:onClose,className:"text-slate-400 hover:text-white text-base"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("i",{"data-lucide":"x",className:"w-4 h-4"}))),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"h-16 bg-slate-950 border border-slate-800 rounded-xl px-3 flex items-center gap-2 overflow-x-auto shrink-0 select-none"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-[10px] font-bold text-slate-500 uppercase tracking-widest mr-1 font-mono shrink-0"},"CHAIN:"),chain.length===0&&/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-[10px] text-slate-500 font-mono"},"Ch\u01B0a c\xF3 FX \u2014 b\u1EA5m [+] \u0111\u1EC3 th\xEAm (signal \u0111i th\u1EB3ng: Source \u2192 Fader)"),chain.map((m,idx)=>{const meta=TRACK_FX_META[m.type]||{name:m.type,icon:'circle',color:'#94a3b8',sub:''};const on=m.active!==false;return/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{key:idx,draggable:true,onDragStart:e=>{dragChainIndexRef.current=idx;e.dataTransfer.effectAllowed='move';},onDragOver:e=>{e.preventDefault();e.dataTransfer.dropEffect='move';},onDrop:e=>{e.preventDefault();const from=dragChainIndexRef.current;if(from!==null&&from!==idx){const next=[...chain];const mv=next.splice(from,1)[0];next.splice(idx,0,mv);setChain(next);}dragChainIndexRef.current=null;},onClick:()=>setActiveType(m.type),className:`w-36 h-12 rounded-lg p-2 flex items-center justify-between cursor-pointer transition-all shrink-0 ${activeType===m.type?'border-2 border-cyan-400 bg-slate-800':'bg-slate-900 border border-slate-800 hover:border-slate-600'}`},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center gap-2 min-w-0"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{onClick:e=>{e.stopPropagation();toggleMod(idx);},className:"w-4 h-4 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-[9px] font-bold shrink-0",style:{backgroundColor:on?'#38bdf8':'#334155',color:on?'#0f172a':'#94a3b8'}},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("i",{"data-lucide":"power",className:"w-2.5 h-2.5"})),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"min-w-0"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"text-[11px] font-bold text-slate-200 truncate"},meta.name),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"text-[9px] font-mono truncate",style:{color:meta.color}},idx+1,". 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Carla','error');}}).catch(err=>window.showToast&&window.showToast('Lỗi mở Carla: '+(err.message||err),'error'));},className:"px-4 py-1.5 bg-teal-700 hover:bg-teal-600 text-white text-xs font-semibold rounded transition flex items-center gap-1 shrink-0"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("i",{"data-lucide":"play",className:"w-3 h-3"})," Load Carla Bridge"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{onClick:()=>{if(window.SonicCarlaMidi&&window.SonicCarlaMidi.stopBridge)window.SonicCarlaMidi.stopBridge();window.showToast&&window.showToast('Đã ngắt kết nối Carla Bridge','info');},className:"px-4 py-1.5 bg-zinc-800 hover:bg-zinc-700 text-red-300 text-xs font-semibold rounded transition flex items-center gap-1 shrink-0"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("i",{"data-lucide":"square",className:"w-3 h-3"})," Stop / Unload")),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"text-[10px] text-slate-500 font-mono 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border-slate-700 rounded-2xl p-5 space-y-4 shadow-2xl",onClick:e=>e.stopPropagation()},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center justify-between border-b border-slate-800 pb-3"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("h3",{className:"text-xs font-bold text-white uppercase tracking-wider font-mono"},"TH\xCAM MODULE V\xC0O FX CHAIN"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{onClick:()=>setAddModuleOpen(false),className:"text-slate-400 hover:text-white"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("i",{"data-lucide":"x",className:"w-4 h-4"}))),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"grid grid-cols-2 gap-3 text-xs"},Object.keys(TRACK_FX_META).map(t=>{const meta=TRACK_FX_META[t];return/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{key:t,onClick:()=>addMod(t),className:"p-3 bg-slate-950 hover:bg-slate-800 border border-slate-800 rounded-xl text-left space-y-1 transition-colors"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"font-bold flex items-center gap-1.5",style:{color:meta.color}},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("i",{"data-lucide":meta.icon,className:"w-3.5 h-3.5"})," ",meta.name),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"text-[10px] text-slate-400"},meta.sub));})))));};// ──────────────────────────────────────────────
 // MASTERING MODAL COMPONENT (from md/45_MASTERING_MODULE.md)
 // ──────────────────────────────────────────────
-const MasteringModal=({isOpen,onClose,masteringSettings,setMasteringSettings})=>{const ozState=masteringSettings;const setOzState=setMasteringSettings;const[isPlaying,setIsPlaying]=React.useState(false);const masterConnected=ozState.masterConnected;const setMasterConnected=val=>{setOzState(prev=>({...prev,masterConnected:typeof val==='function'?val(prev.masterConnected):val}));};const audioRef=React.useRef({source:null});const eqCanvasRef=React.useRef(null);const imagerCanvasRef=React.useRef(null);const inMeterCanvasRef=React.useRef(null);const outMeterCanvasRef=React.useRef(null);const animFrameRef=React.useRef(null);const lufsAccRef=React.useRef([]);const knobsInitializedRef=React.useRef(false);// Wave Observer Refs & States
+const MasteringModal=({isOpen,onClose,masteringSettings,setMasteringSettings})=>{const ozState=masteringSettings;const setOzState=setMasteringSettings;const[isPlaying,setIsPlaying]=React.useState(false);const masterConnected=ozState.masterConnected;const setMasterConnected=val=>{setOzState(prev=>({...prev,masterConnected:typeof val==='function'?val(prev.masterConnected):val}));};// ── VST FX masterbus (native_bridge --render-fx, áp dụng khi Export/Offline render) ──
+const masterVstChain=ozState.vstFxChain||[];const setMasterVstChain=next=>setOzState(prev=>({...prev,vstFxChain:next}));const toggleMasterVst=idx=>setMasterVstChain(masterVstChain.map((s,i)=>i===idx?{...s,bypass:!s.bypass}:s));const removeMasterVst=idx=>setMasterVstChain(masterVstChain.filter((_,i)=>i!==idx));const moveMasterVst=(idx,dir)=>{const j=idx+dir;if(j<0||j>=masterVstChain.length)return;const next=[...masterVstChain];const mv=next.splice(idx,1)[0];next.splice(j,0,mv);setMasterVstChain(next);};const addMasterVst=path=>{const fx=(masterFxList||[]).find(f=>f.path===path);if(!fx)return;setMasterVstChain([...masterVstChain,{type:'vst3',path:fx.path,name:fx.name||fx.id,preset_b64:'',bypass:false}]);};const changeMasterVstPlugin=(idx,path)=>{const fx=(masterFxList||[]).find(f=>f.path===path);setMasterVstChain(masterVstChain.map((s,i)=>i===idx?{...s,path,name:fx?fx.name||fx.id:s.name,preset_b64:''}:s));};const uploadMasterVstPreset=idx=>{const inp=document.createElement('input');inp.type='file';inp.accept='.vstpreset,.fxp,.fxb,.dspreset';inp.onchange=()=>{const f=inp.files&&inp.files[0];if(!f)return;const reader=new FileReader();reader.onload=()=>{const b64=String(reader.result||'').split(',')[1]||'';setMasterVstChain(masterVstChain.map((s,i)=>i===idx?{...s,preset_b64:b64}:s));window.showToast&&window.showToast('Đã gắn preset .vstpreset vào slot '+(idx+1),'success');};reader.readAsDataURL(f);};inp.click();};const previewMasterFx=async()=>{try{if(previewAudioRef.current){previewAudioRef.current.pause();previewAudioRef.current=null;}if(!window.__renderProjectPreview){window.showToast&&window.showToast('Không có hàm render preview','warning');return;}window.showToast&&window.showToast('Đang render offline (bridge)...','info');const res=await window.__renderProjectPreview();const au=new Audio((window.API_BASE_URL||'')+res.url);previewAudioRef.current=au;au.onended=()=>{previewAudioRef.current=null;};au.play().then(()=>window.showToast&&window.showToast('Preview offline — âm thật = âm export (VST FX)','success')).catch(()=>{});}catch(e){/* toast ở __renderProjectPreview */}};const audioRef=React.useRef({source:null});const eqCanvasRef=React.useRef(null);const imagerCanvasRef=React.useRef(null);const inMeterCanvasRef=React.useRef(null);const outMeterCanvasRef=React.useRef(null);const animFrameRef=React.useRef(null);const lufsAccRef=React.useRef([]);const knobsInitializedRef=React.useRef(false);// VST FX masterbus (native_bridge --render-fx) — list VST3 effect plugins + preview
+const[masterFxList,setMasterFxList]=React.useState([]);React.useEffect(()=>{if(window.SonicAPI&&window.SonicAPI.listFx){window.SonicAPI.listFx().then(d=>setMasterFxList(d&&d.plugins||[])).catch(()=>setMasterFxList([]));}},[]);const previewAudioRef=React.useRef(null);const[addMasterVstSel,setAddMasterVstSel]=React.useState('');// Wave Observer Refs & States
 const woCanvasRef=React.useRef(null);const woLeftHistoryRef=React.useRef(new Float32Array(400).fill(0));const woRightHistoryRef=React.useRef(new Float32Array(400).fill(0));const woLeftMeterRef=React.useRef(null);const woRightMeterRef=React.useRef(null);const[woPaused,setWoPaused]=React.useState(false);const[woChannel,setWoChannel]=React.useState('stereo');const[woMode,setWoMode]=React.useState('waveform');const[woDuration,setWoDuration]=React.useState(2.0);const[woZoom,setWoZoom]=React.useState(0.0);const woPausedRef=React.useRef(woPaused);woPausedRef.current=woPaused;const woChannelRef=React.useRef(woChannel);woChannelRef.current=woChannel;const woModeRef=React.useRef(woMode);woModeRef.current=woMode;const woDurationRef=React.useRef(woDuration);woDurationRef.current=woDuration;const woZoomRef=React.useRef(woZoom);woZoomRef.current=woZoom;const ozStateRef=React.useRef(ozState);ozStateRef.current=ozState;function startAudioDemo(){getAudioContext();const ctx=audioCtx;if(ctx.state==='suspended')ctx.resume();stopAudioDemo();const sampleRate=ctx.sampleRate;const bufferSize=sampleRate*4;const buffer=ctx.createBuffer(2,bufferSize,sampleRate);const left=buffer.getChannelData(0);const right=buffer.getChannelData(1);for(let i=0;i<bufferSize;i++){const t=i/sampleRate;const kickEnv=Math.max(0,1-t%0.5*8);const kick=Math.sin(2*Math.PI*(55*Math.exp(-(t%0.5)*18)))*kickEnv;const snareEnv=Math.max(0,1-(t+0.25)%0.5*6);const snare=(Math.random()*2-1)*snareEnv*0.3;const synth=(Math.sin(2*Math.PI*261.63*t)+Math.sin(2*Math.PI*311.13*t)+Math.sin(2*Math.PI*392.0*t))*0.12;left[i]=kick*0.6+snare+synth;right[i]=kick*0.6+snare*0.9+synth*0.95;}const source=ctx.createBufferSource();source.buffer=buffer;source.loop=true;source.connect(masterBus.inputAnalyser);source.start();audioRef.current.source=source;setIsPlaying(true);}function stopAudioDemo(){const src=audioRef.current.source;if(src){try{src.stop();}catch(e){}try{src.disconnect();}catch(e){}audioRef.current.source=null;}setIsPlaying(false);}React.useEffect(()=>{if(!isOpen)return;getAudioContext();function resizeAll(){const resizeCanvas=ref=>{const el=ref.current;if(el){el.width=el.clientWidth;el.height=el.clientHeight;}};resizeCanvas(eqCanvasRef);resizeCanvas(imagerCanvasRef);resizeCanvas(inMeterCanvasRef);resizeCanvas(outMeterCanvasRef);resizeCanvas(woCanvasRef);}resizeAll();window.addEventListener('resize',resizeAll);const fftData=new Uint8Array(1024);function getPeakLevel(analyser){if(!analyser)return 0;const bufferLength=analyser.fftSize;const dataArray=new Float32Array(bufferLength);analyser.getFloatTimeDomainData(dataArray);let maxVal=0;for(let i=0;i<bufferLength;i++){const val=Math.abs(dataArray[i]);if(val>maxVal){maxVal=val;}}return maxVal;}function renderFrame(){animFrameRef.current=requestAnimationFrame(renderFrame);const s=ozStateRef.current;// EQ Spectrum
 const eqCanvas=eqCanvasRef.current;if(eqCanvas){const w=eqCanvas.width,h=eqCanvas.height;const eqCtx=eqCanvas.getContext('2d');eqCtx.clearRect(0,0,w,h);eqCtx.strokeStyle='rgba(51, 65, 85, 0.3)';eqCtx.lineWidth=1;eqCtx.font='9px JetBrains Mono';eqCtx.fillStyle='#475569';const freqs=[20,50,100,200,500,1000,2000,5000,10000,20000];freqs.forEach(f=>{const x=Math.log10(f/20)/Math.log10(20000/20)*w;eqCtx.beginPath();eqCtx.moveTo(x,0);eqCtx.lineTo(x,h);eqCtx.stroke();if(f>=1000)eqCtx.fillText(`${f/1000}k`,x+3,h-6);else eqCtx.fillText(`${f}`,x+3,h-6);});if(masterBus&&masterBus.outputAnalyser){masterBus.outputAnalyser.getByteFrequencyData(fftData);eqCtx.fillStyle='rgba(56, 189, 248, 0.15)';const barWidth=w/128;for(let i=0;i<128;i++){const val=fftData[i*4]/255;eqCtx.fillRect(i*barWidth,h-val*h,barWidth-1,val*h);}}eqCtx.strokeStyle='#38bdf8';eqCtx.lineWidth=2.5;eqCtx.beginPath();for(let x=0;x<w;x++){const freq=20*Math.pow(20000/20,x/w);let gainDb=0;if(s.eqActive){gainDb+=s.eqLowGain/(1+Math.pow(freq/100,2));gainDb+=s.eqMid1Gain*Math.exp(-Math.pow(Math.log(freq/822),2)*2);gainDb+=s.eqMid2Gain*Math.exp(-Math.pow(Math.log(freq/3200),2)*2);gainDb+=s.eqHighGain/(1+Math.pow(10000/freq,2));}const y=h/2-gainDb/18*(h/2);if(x===0)eqCtx.moveTo(x,y);else eqCtx.lineTo(x,y);}eqCtx.stroke();}// Imager Vectorscope (real M/S polar trace) + Phase Correlation meter
 const imagerCanvas=imagerCanvasRef.current;if(imagerCanvas){const iw=imagerCanvas.width,ih=imagerCanvas.height;const ic=imagerCanvas.getContext('2d');ic.clearRect(0,0,iw,ih);// Reference circle + crosshair
@@ -745,7 +749,7 @@ const MODULE_META={eq:{name:'Dynamic EQ',sub:'4-Band Peak',icon:'activity',color
 const flags={};chain.forEach(m=>{flags[chainFlag(m.type)]=!!m.active;});const activeModule=prev.activeModule;return{...prev,chain,...flags,activeModule:chain.some(m=>m.type===activeModule)?activeModule:chain[chain.length-1].type};});};const reorderChain=(fromIdx,toIdx)=>{if(fromIdx===toIdx)return;setOzState(prev=>{const chain=[...prev.chain];const moved=chain.splice(fromIdx,1)[0];chain.splice(toIdx,0,moved);return{...prev,chain};});};const addModuleToChain=type=>{const meta=MODULE_META[type];const id='mod_'+type+'_'+Date.now();const entry={id,type,name:meta.name,active:true};if(type==='eqpro')entry.params={amount:100,bands:JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(EQPRO_DEFAULT_BANDS))};if(type==='carla')entry.params={plugin:'',plugin_path:''};setOzState(prev=>({...prev,chain:[...(prev.chain||[]),entry],[chainFlag(type)]:true,activeModule:type}));setAddModuleOpen(false);};const updateChainEntryParams=(modId,patch)=>{setOzState(prev=>({...prev,chain:(prev.chain||[]).map(m=>m.id===modId?{...m,params:{...(m.params||{}),...patch}}:m)}));};// ── EQ Preset Library (mastering_expand.md §II.1) ──
 const EQ_PRESET_LIBRARY={flat:{name:'Flat / Reset',bands:[{id:1,type:'lowshelf',freq:100,gain:0.0,q:0.7},{id:2,type:'peaking',freq:800,gain:0.0,q:0.7},{id:3,type:'peaking',freq:3200,gain:0.0,q:1.2},{id:4,type:'highshelf',freq:10000,gain:0.0,q:0.7}]},vocal_clarity:{name:'Vocal Unmask & Clarity',bands:[{id:1,type:'lowshelf',freq:90,gain:-2.5,q:0.7},{id:2,type:'peaking',freq:500,gain:-1.8,q:1.0},{id:3,type:'peaking',freq:2800,gain:3.2,q:1.2},{id:4,type:'highshelf',freq:12000,gain:2.0,q:0.7}]},bass_punch:{name:'EDM Low-End Punch',bands:[{id:1,type:'lowshelf',freq:80,gain:4.0,q:0.8},{id:2,type:'peaking',freq:300,gain:-3.0,q:1.4},{id:3,type:'peaking',freq:4000,gain:1.5,q:1.0},{id:4,type:'highshelf',freq:10000,gain:1.0,q:0.7}]},warm_tape:{name:'Warm Vintage Analog',bands:[{id:1,type:'lowshelf',freq:120,gain:2.0,q:0.6},{id:2,type:'peaking',freq:1500,gain:1.0,q:0.5},{id:3,type:'peaking',freq:5000,gain:-2.0,q:1.0},{id:4,type:'highshelf',freq:8000,gain:-3.0,q:0.7}]}};const applyEQPreset=presetKey=>{const preset=EQ_PRESET_LIBRARY[presetKey];if(!preset)return;const bus=masterBus;if(bus&&bus.eqLowFilter){const now=audioCtx?audioCtx.currentTime:0;const filters=[bus.eqLowFilter,bus.eqMid1Filter,bus.eqMid2Filter,bus.eqHighFilter];preset.bands.forEach((bd,i)=>{const f=filters[i];if(!f)return;try{// setValueAtTime (không automation) — tránh "BiquadFilterNode: state is bad"
 f.frequency.setValueAtTime(bd.freq,now);f.gain.setValueAtTime(bd.gain,now);f.Q.setValueAtTime(bd.q,now);}catch(e){}});}// Sync UI knobs + canvas: [eqLowGain, eqMid1Gain, eqMid2Gain, eqHighGain]
-setOzState(prev=>({...prev,eqLowGain:preset.bands[0]?preset.bands[0].gain:prev.eqLowGain,eqMid1Gain:preset.bands[1]?preset.bands[1].gain:prev.eqMid1Gain,eqMid2Gain:preset.bands[2]?preset.bands[2].gain:prev.eqMid2Gain,eqHighGain:preset.bands[3]?preset.bands[3].gain:prev.eqHighGain,eqPreset:presetKey}));};const bandKnob=(param,min,max,val,unit,label,freq,color,filterType)=>/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"bg-slate-900/80 border border-slate-800 p-2 flex flex-col justify-between items-center rounded-lg"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center justify-between text-[10px] font-bold w-full",style:{color}},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",null,label),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-[9px] font-mono 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meta=MODULE_META[mod.type]||{name:mod.type,sub:'',icon:'circle',color:'#94a3b8'};const isEditing=ozState.activeModule===mod.type;const isOn=chainActive(mod.type);return/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{key:mod.id,draggable:true,onDragStart:e=>{dragChainIndexRef.current=idx;e.dataTransfer.effectAllowed='move';},onDragOver:e=>{e.preventDefault();e.dataTransfer.dropEffect='move';},onDrop:e=>{e.preventDefault();const from=dragChainIndexRef.current;if(from!==null&&from!==idx)reorderChain(from,idx);dragChainIndexRef.current=null;},onClick:()=>switchModule(mod.type),className:`w-40 h-12 rounded-lg p-2 flex items-center justify-between cursor-pointer transition-all shrink-0 ${isEditing?'oz-card-active':'oz-card'}`},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center gap-2 min-w-0"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{onClick:e=>{e.stopPropagation();toggleChainModule(mod.id);},className:"w-4 h-4 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-[9px] font-bold 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h-full"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-[9px] text-slate-500 mb-1"},"IN"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex-1 w-5 bg-slate-900 border border-slate-800 rounded relative overflow-hidden flex items-end"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("canvas",{ref:inMeterCanvasRef,className:"w-full h-full block"}))),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex flex-col items-center h-full"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("span",{className:"text-[9px] text-slate-500 mb-1"},"OUT"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex-1 w-6 bg-slate-900 border border-slate-800 rounded relative overflow-hidden flex items-end"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("canvas",{ref:outMeterCanvasRef,className:"w-full h-full block"})))),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"grid grid-cols-2 gap-1.5 mt-2"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{onClick:()=>setOzState(prev=>({...prev,isBypassed:!prev.isBypassed})),className:`py-1.5 rounded text-[10px] font-bold border transition-colors ${ozState.isBypassed?'bg-cyan-600 border-cyan-500 text-white':'bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-slate-200 border-slate-700'}`},"Bypass"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{className:"bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-slate-200 py-1.5 rounded text-[10px] font-bold border border-slate-700 transition-colors"},"Gain Match"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{className:"bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-slate-300 py-1.5 rounded text-[10px] border border-slate-700"},"Codec"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{className:"bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 text-slate-300 py-1.5 rounded text-[10px] border border-slate-700"},"Dither"))))),addModuleOpen&&/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"fixed inset-0 z-[110] bg-black/80 backdrop-blur-sm flex items-center justify-center p-4",onClick:()=>setAddModuleOpen(false)},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"w-full max-w-lg bg-slate-900 border border-slate-700 rounded-2xl p-5 space-y-4 shadow-2xl",onClick:e=>e.stopPropagation()},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"flex items-center justify-between border-b border-slate-800 pb-3"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("h3",{className:"text-xs font-bold text-white uppercase tracking-wider oz-font-mono"},"TH\xCAM MODULE V\xC0O MASTERING CHAIN"),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{onClick:()=>setAddModuleOpen(false),className:"text-slate-400 hover:text-white"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("i",{"data-lucide":"x",className:"w-4 h-4"}))),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"grid grid-cols-2 gap-3 text-xs"},[{t:'eqpro',c:'text-teal-400',i:'chart-area',d:'Parametric / Graphic EQ PRO — Pro-Q style, 8 bands, interactive canvas + spectrum.'},{t:'compressor',c:'text-amber-400',i:'compress',d:'Nén dynamic range, glue & punch cho master.'},{t:'limiter',c:'text-rose-400',i:'shield-half',d:'True-Peak ceiling (ratio 20:1, knee 0) chống clipping.'},{t:'exciter',c:'text-purple-400',i:'wand-2',d:'Saturation hài cho warmth và top-end brilliance.'},{t:'rebalance',c:'text-sky-400',i:'sliders-horizontal',d:'Cân bằng Mid/Side (Vocal/Bass vs stereo width).'},{t:'eq',c:'text-cyan-400',i:'activity',d:'EQ 4-band (lowshelf, 2× peaking, highshelf) + presets.'},{t:'imager',c:'text-fuchsia-400',i:'radio',d:'Stereo width 4-band M/S + vectorscope/correlation.'},{t:'maximizer',c:'text-emerald-400',i:'gauge',d:'Maximizer: boost, soft clip, upward comp, ceiling.'}].map(m=>/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("button",{key:m.t,onClick:()=>addModuleToChain(m.t),className:"p-3 bg-slate-950 hover:bg-slate-800 border border-slate-800 rounded-xl text-left space-y-1 transition-colors"},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:`font-bold ${m.c} flex items-center gap-1.5`},/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("i",{"data-lucide":m.i,className:"w-3.5 h-3.5"})," ",MODULE_META[m.t].name),/*#__PURE__*/React.createElement("div",{className:"text-[10px] text-slate-400"},m.d)))))));};// ── Media Explorer Panel (from md/51_MEDIA_EXPLORER.md) ──
 const MEDIA_LIBRARY_SAMPLES=[{name:"MIDI_Loop_01.mid",events:95,lengthQn:16,time:"0:08.000",tpqn:480,bpm:130,kind:"midi"},{name:"MIDI_Loop_02_Bass.mid",events:48,lengthQn:16,time:"0:08.000",tpqn:480,bpm:130,kind:"midi"},{name:"MIDI_Loop_03_Lead.mid",events:110,lengthQn:16,time:"0:08.000",tpqn:480,bpm:130,kind:"midi"},{name:"MIDI_Loop_04.mid",events:76,lengthQn:16,time:"0:08.000",tpqn:480,bpm:130,kind:"midi"},{name:"MIDI_Loop_05_Bass.mid",events:52,lengthQn:16,time:"0:08.000",tpqn:480,bpm:130,kind:"midi"},{name:"MIDI_Loop_06.mid",events:88,lengthQn:16,time:"0:08.000",tpqn:480,bpm:130,kind:"midi"}];const MediaExplorerPanel=({height,clipboardRef,active})=>{const[userFiles,setUserFiles]=React.useState([]);const[folder,setFolder]=React.useState('library');const[selected,setSelected]=React.useState(null);const[filterText,setFilterText]=React.useState('');const[viewMode,setViewMode]=React.useState('details');const[isPlaying,setIsPlaying]=React.useState(false);const[isPaused,setIsPaused]=React.useState(false);const[isLooping,setIsLooping]=React.useState(false);const[autoPlay,setAutoPlay]=React.useState(true);const[pitch,setPitch]=React.useState(0.0);const[rate,setRate]=React.useState(1.0);const[volumeDb,setVolumeDb]=React.useState(0.0);const[currentTime,setCurrentTime]=React.useState(0);const[peaks,setPeaks]=React.useState(null);const[audioBuffer,setAudioBuffer]=React.useState(null);const[audioDuration,setAudioDuration]=React.useState(0);const[midiNotes,setMidiNotes]=React.useState(null);const[midiTotal,setMidiTotal]=React.useState(4);const[midiBars,setMidiBars]=React.useState(1);const[midiTotalBeats,setMidiTotalBeats]=React.useState(16);const[midiFileBpm,setMidiFileBpm]=React.useState(120);const[tempo,setTempo]=React.useState(function(){var saved=localStorage.getItem('studio_media_explorer_tempo');return saved?parseInt(saved):120;});const[tempoText,setTempoText]=React.useState(String(function(){var saved=localStorage.getItem('studio_media_explorer_tempo');return saved?parseInt(saved):120;}()));const[zoom,setZoom]=React.useState(1.0);// Đồng bộ zoom ra window ref — serializeProjectToSchema lưu vào metadata.zoom
 // (module-level không truy cập state) → restore/open khôi phục đúng zoom.
 React.useEffect(()=>{window.__currentZoom=zoom;},[zoom]);const[scrollOffset,setScrollOffset]=React.useState(0);const scrollOffsetRef=React.useRef(0);scrollOffsetRef.current=scrollOffset;const[selStart,setSelStart]=React.useState(null);const[selEnd,setSelEnd]=React.useState(null);const[isDragging,setIsDragging]=React.useState(false);const[previewCtxMenu,setPreviewCtxMenu]=React.useState(null);// { x, y }
@@ -1057,8 +1061,10 @@ const[aboutModalOpen,setAboutModalOpen]=useState(false);const[helpModalOpen,setH
 useEffect(()=>{try{document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme',prefs.theme||'dark');document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-btnfont',prefs.buttonFontSize||'md');localStorage.setItem('sf_prefs',JSON.stringify(prefs));}catch(e){}},[prefs]);// Load preferences từ server (nếu có tài khoản) khi khởi động
 useEffect(()=>{let cancelled=false;if(window.SonicAPI&&window.SonicAPI.getPreferences){window.SonicAPI.getPreferences().then(res=>{if(cancelled||!res||!res.success||!res.preferences)return;const p=res.preferences;if(p.theme||p.language||p.buttonFontSize){setPrefs(prev=>({theme:p.theme||prev.theme,language:p.language||prev.language,buttonFontSize:p.buttonFontSize||prev.buttonFontSize}));}}).catch(()=>{});}return()=>{cancelled=true;};},[]);// Lưu preferences lên server khi đổi
 const handlePrefsChange=next=>{setPrefs(next);try{localStorage.setItem('sf_prefs',JSON.stringify(next));}catch(e){}if(window.SonicAPI&&window.SonicAPI.savePreferences){window.SonicAPI.savePreferences(next).catch(()=>{});}};// Unified FX Rack target context (unified_fx_rack_panel.md): { trackId, trackName } | null
-const[fxRackTarget,setFxRackTarget]=useState(null);window.__openFxRack=(trackId,trackName)=>setFxRackTarget({trackId,trackName});const[masteringSettings,setMasteringSettings]=useState({masterConnected:true,// ⚠️ FIX: bật ON mặc định — MIDI item/preview PHẢI được xử lí qua mastering FX ngay khi chạy app (không cần bật/tắt power)
-activeModule:'eq',eqActive:true,imagerActive:true,maximizerActive:true,eqLowGain:1.5,eqMid1Gain:-1.0,eqMid2Gain:2.0,eqHighGain:1.8,w1:0,w2:115,w3:135,w4:150,imagerScale:'v2',maxGain:5.4,maxUpward:2.0,maxSoftClip:15,maxTransient:25,ceiling:-0.1,isBypassed:false,chain:DEFAULT_MASTER_CHAIN.map(m=>({...m})),compActive:false,compThreshold:-16,compRatio:3,compMakeup:0,limActive:false,limThreshold:-1.0,excActive:false,excDrive:40,rebalActive:false,rebalMid:0,rebalSide:0});useEffect(()=>{window.currentMasteringSettings=masteringSettings;if(audioCtx&&masterBus){toggleMasteringOnMaster(masteringSettings.masterConnected,masteringSettings.isBypassed);applyMasteringSettings(masteringSettings);// Re-sync live track routes: mastering ON → mọi track qua chain (♪ bị
+const[fxRackTarget,setFxRackTarget]=useState(null);window.__openFxRack=(trackId,trackName)=>setFxRackTarget({trackId,trackName});// Render offline toàn project qua native_bridge (VST FX masterbus + track) → WAV.
+// Dùng cho nút "Nghe thử" trong FX Rack / Mastering — preview = âm export.
+window.__renderProjectPreview=async()=>{const schema=serializeProjectToSchema(currentProjectId||'temp_project',projectName||'Dự án tạm chưa lưu',bpm,tracks,subTabs,sessionTabs,masteringSettings);try{const res=await window.SonicAPI.renderProject(schema,'preview_'+Date.now()+'.wav');return res;}catch(e){window.showToast&&window.showToast('Render preview lỗi: '+(e.message||e),'error');throw e;}};const[masteringSettings,setMasteringSettings]=useState({masterConnected:true,// ⚠️ FIX: bật ON mặc định — MIDI item/preview PHẢI được xử lí qua mastering FX ngay khi chạy app (không cần bật/tắt power)
+activeModule:'eq',eqActive:true,imagerActive:true,maximizerActive:true,eqLowGain:1.5,eqMid1Gain:-1.0,eqMid2Gain:2.0,eqHighGain:1.8,w1:0,w2:115,w3:135,w4:150,imagerScale:'v2',maxGain:5.4,maxUpward:2.0,maxSoftClip:15,maxTransient:25,ceiling:-0.1,isBypassed:false,chain:DEFAULT_MASTER_CHAIN.map(m=>({...m})),compActive:false,compThreshold:-16,compRatio:3,compMakeup:0,limActive:false,limThreshold:-1.0,excActive:false,excDrive:40,rebalActive:false,rebalMid:0,rebalSide:0,vstFxChain:[],vstBypass:false});useEffect(()=>{window.currentMasteringSettings=masteringSettings;if(audioCtx&&masterBus){toggleMasteringOnMaster(masteringSettings.masterConnected,masteringSettings.isBypassed);applyMasteringSettings(masteringSettings);// Re-sync live track routes: mastering ON → mọi track qua chain (♪ bị
 // override bởi effMidiBypass/effAudioBypass) — nút PWR bật/tắt phải áp
 // ngay lên node đang phát (không chờ tracks effect).
 try{const _list=activeTracksRef.current&&activeTracksRef.current.length?activeTracksRef.current:tracks;_list.forEach(_t=>{const _n=activeTrackNodesRef.current[_t.id];if(_n){if(_n.sfRouteGain&&_n.sfDryGain){const _b=effMidiBypass(_t);_n.sfRouteGain.gain.value=_b?0:1;_n.sfDryGain.gain.value=_b?1:0;}if(_n.route&&_n.route.routeGain&&_n.route.dryGain){const _ab=routeBypassFor(_t);_n.route.routeGain.gain.value=_ab?0:1;_n.route.dryGain.gain.value=_ab?1:0;}}});updateSfRouting();}catch(e){}}},[masteringSettings]);const[pluginManagerModalOpen,setPluginManagerModalOpen]=useState(false);const[pluginsData,setPluginsData]=useState(null);// D10: bridge indicator + "Ép dùng WASM" debug toggle.
diff --git a/app/static/js/services/api.js b/app/static/js/services/api.js
index dea2db5..53b6ac1 100644
--- a/app/static/js/services/api.js
+++ b/app/static/js/services/api.js
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@ window.API_BASE_URL = (window.API_BASE_URL || window.location.origin).replace(/\
         // Render MIDI notes → WAV bằng VSTi (pedalboard, âm thật) — trả file_id
         // để UI preview / gán clip vào track / download
         midiRender: (payload) => apiRequest('/api/v1/plugins/midi-render', { method: 'POST', body: JSON.stringify(payload) }),
+        listFx: () => apiRequest('/api/v1/plugins/fx', { method: 'GET' }),
+        fxRender: (payload) => apiRequest('/api/v1/plugins/fx-render', { method: 'POST', body: JSON.stringify(payload) }),
         soundfontRender: (payload) => apiRequest('/api/v1/plugins/soundfont-render', { method: 'POST', body: JSON.stringify(payload) }),
         // Phát dãy MIDI notes realtime qua Carla bridge (OSC) — preview khi
         // pedalboard không render được plugin (VD VST2)
diff --git a/build.mjs b/build.mjs
index ac53725..45dbc55 100644
--- a/build.mjs
+++ b/build.mjs
@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ const out = Babel.transform(src, {
   filename: 'app.jsx',
   sourceType: 'script',
 }).code;
-writeFileSync('app/static/js/app.precompiled.js', out);
+writeFileSync('app/static/js/app.precompiled.js', out.replace(/\r?\n/g, '\r\n')); // repo CRLF
 console.log('BUILD OK', out.length, 'bytes');
diff --git a/md/mastering_expand.md b/md/mastering_expand.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf030a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/md/mastering_expand.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Mastering Expand — Extension Modules & Dynamic Chain
+
+Tài liệu cho các module mở rộng của Mastering modal (MasteringModal) và Track FX chain.
+
+## §II.1 EQ Preset Library
+- Thư viện preset EQ band-gain dùng chung cho track EQ.
+- Code: `app/static/js/app.jsx` (EQ Preset Library, `EQ_PRESETS`).
+- Ứng dụng: Mastering modal EQ module, Track Strip EQ.
+
+## §II.2 Bus Compressor Module
+- Module nén masterbus đặt trong MasteringModal, giữa các module chain.
+- Code: `app/static/js/app.jsx` (Bus Compressor module trong MasteringModal JSX).
+- Điều khiển: threshold, ratio, attack, release, makeup gain; bypass riêng.
+
+## §II.3 rebuildAudioGraph / Dynamic Module Chain
+- `rebuildAudioGraph`: dựng lại đồ thị WebAudio động theo thứ tự module chain.
+- Thứ tự module: chain strip trong MasteringModal cho phép thêm/xóa/bỏ/bypass
+  module, thay đổi thứ tự — audio graph được rebuild tương ứng.
+- Default = chain cũ (`mastering_expand.md: extension modules + dynamic chain`).
+- Code: `app/static/js/app.jsx` (MODULE CHAIN STRIP dynamic).
+
+## §II.4 Track FX Module Factory
+- Factory tạo module FX theo loại (EQ, compressor, ...) cho track FX chain.
+- Dùng chung cho Track FX chain editor trong track strip
+  (`Track FX Chain (mastering_expand.md §II.4)`).
+- Code: `app/static/js/app.jsx` (Track FX module factory).
+
+## §III ADD MODULE POPUP
+- Popup thêm module mới vào chain (chọn loại module rồi append).
+- Code: `app/static/js/app.jsx` (ADD MODULE POPUP trong MasteringModal).
diff --git a/md/unified_fx_rack_panel.md b/md/unified_fx_rack_panel.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2939b8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/md/unified_fx_rack_panel.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Unified FX Rack Panel
+
+Một panel FX Rack dùng chung cho per-track (FXRackModal) và masterbus
+(MasteringModal), thống nhất trải nghiệm thêm/sắp xếp FX.
+
+## §III.1 Track-EQ Preset Library
+- Thư viện preset EQ band-gains dùng cho track EQ (chỉ band gains).
+- Code: `app/static/js/app.jsx` (Track-EQ preset library).
+- Preset áp trực tiếp các giá trị gain band vào track EQ.
+
+## Unified FX Rack Panel
+- Panel thống nhất: mỗi track mở FXRackModal từ track strip context
+  (`Unified FX Rack target context: { trackId, trackName }`).
+- Bao gồm: WebAudio builtin chain + VST FX chain (xem thêm
+  `unified_fx_rack_panel_update.md`), bypass từng slot và toàn chain.
+- Code: `app/static/js/app.jsx` (UNIFIED FX RACK PANEL + FXRackModal).
diff --git a/md/unified_fx_rack_panel_update.md b/md/unified_fx_rack_panel_update.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb2eaff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/md/unified_fx_rack_panel_update.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Unified FX Rack Panel Update — VST FX & Wave Observer
+
+Cập nhật cho `unified_fx_rack_panel.md`: bổ sung VST FX chain và Wave Observer.
+
+## VST FX Chain
+- FXRackModal (per-track) và MasteringModal (masterbus) có section "VST FX":
+  thêm plugin từ `SonicAPI.listFx` (danh sách VST3/LV2 đã scan), upload preset
+  dạng base64, bypass toàn chain, sắp xếp lên/xuống/xóa.
+- Render offline qua native_bridge `--render-fx` (xem `PLAN_MASTERBUS_FX_RACK_VST.md`).
+- Serialize: track `vst_fx_chain`/`vst_fx_bypass`; master
+  `main_session.master.fx_chain`/`bypass`.
+
+## §III.3 Wave Observer
+- Oscilloscope real-time xem dạng sóng tín hiệu tại điểm quan sát (master / track).
+- Code: `app/static/js/app.jsx` (WAVE OBSERVER — REAL-TIME OSCILLOSCOPE;
+  `Wave Observer scope state`; `Wave Observer scope analysers`).
+- Scope: chọn master hoặc track; analysers dùng WebAudio AnalyserNode.
diff --git a/native_bridge/CMakeLists.txt b/native_bridge/CMakeLists.txt
index 9bf136e..da6d5e0 100644
--- a/native_bridge/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/native_bridge/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ if(WIN32)
 add_executable(daw_vst_bridge
   src/main.cpp
   src/RenderJob.cpp
+  src/RenderFxJob.cpp
   src/NativeInstrumentEngine.cpp
   src/SharedMemoryIPC.cpp
   src/Vst3Instrument.cpp
diff --git a/native_bridge/include/RenderFxJob.h b/native_bridge/include/RenderFxJob.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e056c86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native_bridge/include/RenderFxJob.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// native_bridge/include/RenderFxJob.h
+#ifndef RENDER_FX_JOB_H
+#define RENDER_FX_JOB_H
+
+#include <string>
+
+// Offline FX render mode (Phase 0 of PLAN_MASTERBUS_FX_RACK_VST.md):
+// `daw_vst_bridge --render-fx <job.json> --in <input.wav> --out <output.wav>`
+// reads a stereo WAV, runs the input through a chain of VST3 audio effects
+// (audio-in/audio-out, NO MIDI) plus builtin DSP (gain/normalize), and writes
+// a 16-bit stereo WAV. Same exit-code contract as --render: 0 ok, 1 job/argument
+// error, 2 plugin load failure, 3 plugin crashed mid-render (SEH guarded).
+//
+// job.json: { sample_rate, block_size?,
+//             fx_chain: [
+//               { type: "vst3", path, preset_b64?, bypass? },
+//               { type: "builtin", id: "gain", params: { db } },
+//               { type: "builtin", id: "normalize", params: { peak } }
+//             ] }
+//   vst3: path = .vst3 module; preset_b64 = base64 of a .vstpreset FILE (raw
+//         SDK chunk format) or of the bridge state blob — both applied via
+//         setState before processing. bypass=true → slot skipped (passthrough).
+//   gain: multiply by 10^(db/20), block-wise.
+//   normalize: post-chain global pass — scale down to peak (0.95) only when
+//         the peak EXCEEDS it (mirrors render_project's clip guard).
+int run_render_fx_job(const std::string& jobPath, const std::string& inPath,
+                      const std::string& outPath);
+
+// Plugin scan mode (Phase 1): `daw_vst_bridge --scan <dir>` walks <dir>
+// recursively, loads every .vst3 module and classifies its classes
+// (kVstAudioEffectClass without "Instrument" subcategory → effect, else
+// instrument), and prints JSON to stdout:
+//   {"plugins":[{"path":"...","name":"...","is_fx":true,"is_instrument":false,"type":"VST3"}]}
+// .dll/.so (VST2) cannot be introspected headlessly → classified as instrument.
+// Returns 0 on success, non-zero on unrecoverable error (a single plugin that
+// crashes the module loader is skipped, not fatal).
+int run_scan_dir(const std::string& dirPath);
+
+#endif // RENDER_FX_JOB_H
diff --git a/native_bridge/src/NativeInstrumentEngine.cpp b/native_bridge/src/NativeInstrumentEngine.cpp
index 21fa1ac..e430550 100644
--- a/native_bridge/src/NativeInstrumentEngine.cpp
+++ b/native_bridge/src/NativeInstrumentEngine.cpp
@@ -475,7 +475,11 @@ void InstrumentEngineManager::renderAll(float* outputL, float* outputR, uint32_t
         float* spR = alignF(scratchR_, numSamples);
         std::memset(spL, 0, numSamples * sizeof(float));
         std::memset(spR, 0, numSamples * sizeof(float));
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        DWORD sehCode = 0;
+#else
         uint32_t sehCode = 0;
+#endif
         if (!SafeProcessChannel(inst.get(), spL, spR, numSamples, &sehCode)) {
             // G3.3: plugin fault — mute this channel only, keep the bridge up.
             if (!crashedCh_[ch]) {
diff --git a/native_bridge/src/RenderFxJob.cpp b/native_bridge/src/RenderFxJob.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e39587e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/native_bridge/src/RenderFxJob.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,928 @@
+// native_bridge/src/RenderFxJob.cpp
+// Offline audio-FX render mode (Phase 0+1 of PLAN_MASTERBUS_FX_RACK_VST.md):
+// `daw_vst_bridge --render-fx <job.json> --in <input.wav> --out <output.wav>`
+// processes an existing WAV through a VST3 effect chain (audio-in/audio-out,
+// no MIDI) plus builtin slots (gain/normalize). Also `--scan <dir>` which
+// classifies VST3 modules as instrument/effect.
+//
+// Same JSON/b64/WAV helpers as RenderJob.cpp (sheredom/json.h vendored with
+// the VST3 SDK). The VST3 host pattern is the Vst3Instrument.cpp one minus
+// MIDI/GUI — component + controller, audio buses, processData with input
+// buffers copied directly (setChannelBuffers is unusable: prepare() owns them).
+#include "RenderFxJob.h"
+
+#include "vst3sdk/public.sdk/source/vst/moduleinfo/json.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_VST3SDK
+#include "public.sdk/source/vst/hosting/module.h"
+#include "public.sdk/source/vst/hosting/hostclasses.h"
+#include "public.sdk/source/vst/hosting/processdata.h"
+#include "public.sdk/source/vst/vstpresetfile.h"
+#include "public.sdk/source/common/memorystream.h"
+#include "pluginterfaces/vst/ivstaudioprocessor.h"
+#include "pluginterfaces/vst/ivstcomponent.h"
+#include "pluginterfaces/vst/ivsteditcontroller.h"
+#include "pluginterfaces/vst/ivstprocesscontext.h"
+#include "pluginterfaces/vst/ivstmessage.h"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#ifndef NOMINMAX
+#define NOMINMAX
+#endif
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace {
+
+// --- sheredom/json.h helpers (same as RenderJob.cpp) ------------------------
+const json_object_element_s* member(const json_object_s* o, const char* key) {
+    for (const json_object_element_s* e = o ? o->start : nullptr; e; e = e->next)
+        if (e->name && e->name->string && std::strcmp(e->name->string, key) == 0)
+            return e;
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+const json_value_s* memberValue(const json_object_s* o, const char* key) {
+    const json_object_element_s* m = member(o, key);
+    return m ? m->value : nullptr;
+}
+
+std::string memberString(const json_object_s* o, const char* key, const std::string& def) {
+    const json_value_s* v = memberValue(o, key);
+    if (v && v->type == json_type_string) {
+        const auto* s = static_cast<const json_string_s*>(v->payload);
+        return std::string(s->string, s->string_size);
+    }
+    return def;
+}
+
+bool memberNumber(const json_object_s* o, const char* key, double& out) {
+    const json_value_s* v = memberValue(o, key);
+    if (v && v->type == json_type_number) {
+        out = std::atof(static_cast<const json_number_s*>(v->payload)->number);
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+int64_t memberInt(const json_object_s* o, const char* key, int64_t def) {
+    double d;
+    return memberNumber(o, key, d) ? (int64_t)d : def;
+}
+
+bool memberBool(const json_object_s* o, const char* key, bool def) {
+    const json_value_s* v = memberValue(o, key);
+    if (v && v->type == json_type_true) return true;
+    if (v && v->type == json_type_false) return false;
+    return def;
+}
+
+// --- WAV writer (stdlib only, 16-bit PCM stereo, little-endian) --------------
+void writeU16(std::ofstream& f, uint16_t v) {
+    char b[2] = { (char)(v & 0xFF), (char)((v >> 8) & 0xFF) };
+    f.write(b, 2);
+}
+void writeU32(std::ofstream& f, uint32_t v) {
+    char b[4] = { (char)(v & 0xFF), (char)((v >> 8) & 0xFF),
+                  (char)((v >> 16) & 0xFF), (char)((v >> 24) & 0xFF) };
+    f.write(b, 4);
+}
+void writeWavHeader(std::ofstream& f, uint32_t sampleRate) {
+    f.write("RIFF", 4);
+    writeU32(f, 36);
+    f.write("WAVE", 4);
+    f.write("fmt ", 4);
+    writeU32(f, 16);
+    writeU16(f, 1);
+    writeU16(f, 2);
+    writeU32(f, sampleRate);
+    writeU32(f, sampleRate * 4);
+    writeU16(f, 4);
+    writeU16(f, 16);
+    f.write("data", 4);
+    writeU32(f, 0);
+}
+void finishWav(std::ofstream& f, uint64_t dataBytes) {
+    f.seekp(4);
+    writeU32(f, (uint32_t)(36 + dataBytes));
+    f.seekp(40);
+    writeU32(f, (uint32_t)dataBytes);
+    f.flush();
+}
+void writeFrames(std::ofstream& f, const float* L, const float* R, uint32_t n) {
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        auto cl = [](float v) -> int {
+            if (v > 1.0f) v = 1.0f;
+            else if (v < -1.0f) v = -1.0f;
+            return (int)(v * 32767.0f);
+        };
+        writeU16(f, (uint16_t)cl(L[i]));
+        writeU16(f, (uint16_t)cl(R[i]));
+    }
+}
+
+// --- WAV reader (stdlib only): PCM 16/24/32-bit + IEEE float32, mono/stereo
+// → stereo float32. Returns false on any parse error (job/argument error). ---
+struct WavIn {
+    uint32_t sampleRate = 0;
+    uint16_t channels = 0;
+    uint16_t bits = 0;
+    std::vector<float> L, R;  // same length
+};
+
+uint32_t readU32le(const uint8_t* p) {
+    return (uint32_t)p[0] | ((uint32_t)p[1] << 8) | ((uint32_t)p[2] << 16) | ((uint32_t)p[3] << 24);
+}
+uint16_t readU16le(const uint8_t* p) {
+    return (uint16_t)((uint16_t)p[0] | ((uint16_t)p[1] << 8));
+}
+
+bool readWav(const std::string& path, WavIn& out) {
+    std::ifstream f(path, std::ios::binary);
+    if (!f) { std::cerr << "[RenderFx] cannot read input: " << path << std::endl; return false; }
+    std::vector<uint8_t> buf((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
+    if (buf.size() < 44) return false;
+    if (std::memcmp(buf.data(), "RIFF", 4) != 0 || std::memcmp(buf.data() + 8, "WAVE", 4) != 0)
+        return false;
+
+    uint16_t fmtTag = 0, channels = 0, bits = 0;
+    uint32_t sampleRate = 0;
+    size_t dataOff = 0, dataLen = 0;
+    size_t p = 12;
+    bool foundFmt = false, foundData = false;
+    while (p + 8 <= buf.size()) {
+        const char* id = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(buf.data() + p);
+        uint32_t sz = readU32le(buf.data() + p + 4);
+        size_t chunkStart = p + 8;
+        if (chunkStart + sz > buf.size()) break;  // truncated chunk — stop
+        if (std::memcmp(id, "fmt ", 4) == 0 && sz >= 16) {
+            fmtTag = readU16le(buf.data() + chunkStart);
+            channels = readU16le(buf.data() + chunkStart + 2);
+            sampleRate = readU32le(buf.data() + chunkStart + 4);
+            bits = readU16le(buf.data() + chunkStart + 14);
+            foundFmt = true;
+        } else if (std::memcmp(id, "data", 4) == 0) {
+            dataOff = chunkStart;
+            dataLen = sz;
+            foundData = true;
+            break;
+        }
+        p = chunkStart + sz + (sz & 1);
+    }
+    if (!foundFmt || !foundData) return false;
+    // Supported: PCM 16/24/32 and IEEE float 32; mono or stereo.
+    const bool isFloat = (fmtTag == 3);
+    if (!(fmtTag == 1 || isFloat)) {
+        std::cerr << "[RenderFx] unsupported WAV format tag " << fmtTag << " (need PCM/float)" << std::endl;
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (channels < 1 || channels > 2) {
+        std::cerr << "[RenderFx] unsupported WAV channel count " << channels << std::endl;
+        return false;
+    }
+    const uint16_t bytes = (bits + 7) / 8;
+    if (bytes != 2 && bytes != 3 && bytes != 4) return false;
+
+    const size_t frameBytes = (size_t)channels * bytes;
+    const size_t nFrames = dataLen / frameBytes;
+    out.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+    out.channels = channels;
+    out.bits = bits;
+    out.L.assign(nFrames, 0.0f);
+    out.R.assign(nFrames, 0.0f);
+    const uint8_t* d = buf.data() + dataOff;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nFrames; ++i) {
+        float l = 0.f, r = 0.f;
+        for (uint16_t c = 0; c < channels; ++c) {
+            const uint8_t* s = d + (i * channels + c) * bytes;
+            float v = 0.f;
+            if (isFloat && bytes == 4) {
+                uint32_t u = readU32le(s);
+                float fv;
+                std::memcpy(&fv, &u, 4);
+                v = fv;
+            } else if (bytes == 2) {
+                v = (float)(int16_t)((uint16_t)s[0] | ((uint16_t)s[1] << 8)) / 32768.f;
+            } else if (bytes == 3) {
+                int32_t iv = (int32_t)s[0] | ((int32_t)s[1] << 8) | ((int32_t)s[2] << 16);
+                if (iv & 0x800000) iv |= ~0xFFFFFF;  // sign extend
+                v = (float)iv / 8388608.f;
+            } else {  // bytes == 4, PCM int32
+                int32_t iv = (int32_t)readU32le(s);
+                v = (float)iv / 2147483648.f;
+            }
+            if (c == 0) l = v; else r = v;
+        }
+        out.L[i] = l;
+        out.R[i] = (channels == 1) ? l : r;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// --- base64 (RFC 4648) — same helpers as RenderJob.cpp ----------------------
+static const char* kBase64Tbl = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
+static std::string base64Encode(const uint8_t* data, size_t len) {
+    std::string out;
+    out.reserve(((len + 2) / 3) * 4);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i += 3) {
+        uint32_t n = (uint32_t)data[i] << 16;
+        if (i + 1 < len) n |= (uint32_t)data[i + 1] << 8;
+        if (i + 2 < len) n |= (uint32_t)data[i + 2];
+        out += kBase64Tbl[(n >> 18) & 63];
+        out += kBase64Tbl[(n >> 12) & 63];
+        out += (i + 1 < len) ? kBase64Tbl[(n >> 6) & 63] : '=';
+        out += (i + 2 < len) ? kBase64Tbl[n & 63] : '=';
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+static int b64val(unsigned char c) {
+    if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') return c - 'A';
+    if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') return c - 'a' + 26;
+    if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') return c - '0' + 52;
+    if (c == '+') return 62;
+    if (c == '/') return 63;
+    return -1;
+}
+static bool base64Decode(const std::string& in, std::vector<uint8_t>& out) {
+    out.clear();
+    out.reserve((in.size() / 4) * 3);
+    uint32_t acc = 0;
+    int bits = 0;
+    for (unsigned char ch : in) {
+        if (ch == '=' || ch == '\n' || ch == '\r' || ch == ' ') continue;
+        int v = b64val(ch);
+        if (v < 0) return false;
+        acc = (acc << 6) | (uint32_t)v;
+        bits += 6;
+        if (bits >= 8) {
+            bits -= 8;
+            out.push_back((uint8_t)((acc >> bits) & 0xFF));
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// --- VST3 audio-effect host (offline; no MIDI, no GUI) ----------------------
+#ifdef HAVE_VST3SDK
+using Steinberg::tresult;
+using Steinberg::kResultOk;
+using Steinberg::kResultTrue;
+using Steinberg::kResultFalse;
+using Steinberg::kNoInterface;
+using Steinberg::FUnknownPtr;
+using Steinberg::IPtr;
+using Steinberg::owned;
+using Steinberg::FIDString;
+using Steinberg::int32;
+using Steinberg::uint32;
+
+using Steinberg::Vst::IComponent;
+using Steinberg::Vst::IEditController;
+using Steinberg::Vst::IAudioProcessor;
+using Steinberg::Vst::IComponentHandler;
+using Steinberg::Vst::IConnectionPoint;
+using Steinberg::Vst::ProcessSetup;
+using Steinberg::Vst::ProcessContext;
+using Steinberg::Vst::HostProcessData;
+using Steinberg::Vst::HostApplication;
+using Steinberg::Vst::BusInfo;
+using Steinberg::Vst::kAudio;
+using Steinberg::Vst::kEvent;
+using Steinberg::Vst::kInput;
+using Steinberg::Vst::kOutput;
+using Steinberg::Vst::kRealtime;
+using Steinberg::Vst::kSample32;
+
+class HostComponentHandlerFx : public IComponentHandler {
+public:
+    tresult queryInterface(const char*, void** v) override { *v = nullptr; return kNoInterface; }
+    Steinberg::uint32 addRef() override { return 1; }
+    Steinberg::uint32 release() override { return 1; }
+    tresult beginEdit(Steinberg::Vst::ParamID) override { return kResultOk; }
+    tresult performEdit(Steinberg::Vst::ParamID, Steinberg::Vst::ParamValue) override { return kResultOk; }
+    tresult endEdit(Steinberg::Vst::ParamID) override { return kResultOk; }
+    tresult restartComponent(Steinberg::int32) override { return kResultOk; }
+};
+
+struct Vst3FxState {
+    VST3::Hosting::Module::Ptr module;  // destroyed LAST (owns the factory)
+    IPtr<IComponent> component;
+    IPtr<IEditController> controller;
+    IPtr<HostApplication> hostApp;
+    HostProcessData processData;
+    ProcessContext processContext;
+    HostComponentHandlerFx componentHandler;
+    int32 inputChannels = 2;
+    int32 outputChannels = 2;
+    bool controllerIsComponent = false;
+};
+
+// Class selection for FX: any kVstAudioEffectClass whose subcategory does NOT
+// contain "Instrument" (Ozone/ScalerAudio et al.). Pick the first match.
+bool pickFxClass(const VST3::Hosting::PluginFactory& factory,
+                 VST3::Hosting::ClassInfo& out) {
+    auto infos = factory.classInfos();  // temporary vector — copy, never keep pointer
+    for (const auto& ci : infos) {
+        if (ci.category() != kVstAudioEffectClass) continue;
+        if (ci.subCategoriesString().find("Instrument") != std::string::npos) continue;
+        out = ci;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+// Must live OUTSIDE any __try (C2712: no C++ unwinding inside SEH frames).
+bool vst3FxLoadInner(Vst3FxState* s, const std::string& path, double sampleRate,
+                     int32 maxBlockSize, std::string& err) {
+    using namespace VST3::Hosting;
+    Module::Ptr module = Module::create(path, err);
+    if (!module) return false;
+    const PluginFactory& factory = module->getFactory();
+    ClassInfo chosen;
+    if (!pickFxClass(factory, chosen)) {
+        err = "no audio-effect class in " + path;
+        return false;
+    }
+    IPtr<IComponent> component = factory.createInstance<IComponent>(chosen.ID());
+    if (!component) { err = "createInstance<IComponent> failed"; return false; }
+    IPtr<HostApplication> hostApp = owned(new HostApplication());
+    FUnknownPtr<Steinberg::IPluginBase> plugBase(component.get());
+    if (!plugBase || plugBase->initialize(hostApp) != kResultOk) {
+        err = "component initialize failed"; return false;
+    }
+    IPtr<IEditController> controller;
+    bool isSingle = false;
+    if (component->queryInterface(IEditController::iid, (void**)&controller) == kResultTrue) {
+        isSingle = true;
+    } else {
+        Steinberg::TUID cid = {};
+        tresult cidRes = component->getControllerClassId(cid);
+        if (cidRes == kResultTrue || cidRes == kResultOk) {
+            controller = factory.createInstance<IEditController>(VST3::UID(cid));
+            if (controller) {
+                FUnknownPtr<Steinberg::IPluginBase> ctrlBase(controller.get());
+                if (!ctrlBase || ctrlBase->initialize(hostApp) != kResultOk) controller = nullptr;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (!controller) { err = "no edit controller"; return false; }
+
+    s->controllerIsComponent = isSingle;
+    controller->setComponentHandler(&s->componentHandler);
+    FUnknownPtr<IConnectionPoint> compCP(component);
+    FUnknownPtr<IConnectionPoint> ctrlCP(controller);
+    if (compCP && ctrlCP) { compCP->connect(ctrlCP); ctrlCP->connect(compCP); }
+
+    int32 numAudioInputs = component->getBusCount(kAudio, kInput);
+    for (int32 i = 0; i < numAudioInputs; ++i) component->activateBus(kAudio, kInput, i, true);
+    int32 numAudioOutputs = component->getBusCount(kAudio, kOutput);
+    for (int32 i = 0; i < numAudioOutputs; ++i) component->activateBus(kAudio, kOutput, i, true);
+    int32 numEventInputs = component->getBusCount(kEvent, kInput);
+    for (int32 i = 0; i < numEventInputs; ++i) component->activateBus(kEvent, kInput, i, true);
+    int32 numEventOutputs = component->getBusCount(kEvent, kOutput);
+    for (int32 i = 0; i < numEventOutputs; ++i) component->activateBus(kEvent, kOutput, i, true);
+    if (numAudioInputs < 1 || numAudioOutputs < 1) {
+        err = "plugin has no audio in/out (instrument?)"; return false;
+    }
+
+    FUnknownPtr<IAudioProcessor> processor(component);
+    if (!processor) { err = "no IAudioProcessor"; return false; }
+    ProcessSetup setup{kRealtime, kSample32, maxBlockSize, sampleRate};
+    if (processor->setupProcessing(setup) != kResultOk) { err = "setupProcessing failed"; return false; }
+    if (component->setActive(true) != kResultOk) { err = "setActive failed"; return false; }
+    processor->setProcessing(true);
+    if (!s->processData.prepare(*component, maxBlockSize, kSample32)) {
+        err = "processData.prepare failed"; return false;
+    }
+
+    BusInfo bi = {};
+    if (component->getBusInfo(kAudio, kInput, 0, bi) == kResultOk && bi.channelCount > 0)
+        s->inputChannels = bi.channelCount;
+    bi = {};
+    if (component->getBusInfo(kAudio, kOutput, 0, bi) == kResultOk && bi.channelCount > 0)
+        s->outputChannels = bi.channelCount;
+
+    s->module = std::move(module);
+    s->component = std::move(component);
+    s->controller = std::move(controller);
+    s->hostApp = std::move(hostApp);
+    s->processContext.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+    s->processContext.tempo = 120.0;
+    s->processContext.timeSigNumerator = 4;
+    s->processContext.timeSigDenominator = 4;
+    s->processContext.state = ProcessContext::kPlaying | ProcessContext::kTempoValid |
+                              ProcessContext::kTimeSigValid | ProcessContext::kProjectTimeMusicValid;
+    std::cout << "[RenderFx] VST3 FX loaded " << path << " (" << chosen.name()
+              << ") in=" << s->inputChannels << " out=" << s->outputChannels << std::endl;
+    return true;
+}
+#endif // HAVE_VST3SDK
+
+class Vst3Fx {
+public:
+    Vst3Fx() = default;
+    ~Vst3Fx() {
+#ifdef HAVE_VST3SDK
+        if (!state_) return;
+        auto* s = static_cast<Vst3FxState*>(state_);
+        if (s->component) {
+            FUnknownPtr<IAudioProcessor> processor(s->component);
+            if (processor) processor->setProcessing(false);
+            s->component->setActive(false);
+            s->component->terminate();
+        }
+        if (s->controller && !s->controllerIsComponent) s->controller->terminate();
+        s->processData.unprepare();
+        delete s;
+        state_ = nullptr;
+#endif
+    }
+    bool load(const std::string& path, double sampleRate, int32 maxBlockSize) {
+#ifndef HAVE_VST3SDK
+        (void)path; (void)sampleRate; (void)maxBlockSize;
+        return false;
+#else
+        if (state_) return true;
+        auto* s = new Vst3FxState();
+        std::string err;
+        if (!vst3FxLoadInner(s, path, sampleRate, maxBlockSize, err)) {
+            std::cerr << "[RenderFx] VST3 FX load FAILED: " << err << std::endl;
+            delete s;
+            return false;
+        }
+        state_ = s;
+        return true;
+#endif
+    }
+    // Audio in → audio out, one block. Must be SEH-wrapped by the caller.
+    void processAudio(const float* inL, const float* inR,
+                      float* outL, float* outR, uint32_t n) {
+#ifndef HAVE_VST3SDK
+        (void)inL; (void)inR; (void)outL; (void)outR; (void)n;
+#else
+        auto* s = static_cast<Vst3FxState*>(state_);
+        if (!s || !s->component || n == 0) return;
+        FUnknownPtr<IAudioProcessor> processor(s->component);
+        if (!processor) return;
+        s->processData.processMode = kRealtime;
+        s->processData.numSamples = (int32)n;
+        s->processData.inputEvents = nullptr;
+        s->processData.inputParameterChanges = nullptr;
+        s->processData.processContext = &s->processContext;
+        s->processContext.projectTimeSamples += n;
+        s->processContext.projectTimeMusic =
+            (double)s->processContext.projectTimeSamples / s->processContext.sampleRate *
+            (s->processContext.tempo / 60.0);
+        // Copy input into the prepared (owned) input buffers — direct write,
+        // setChannelBuffers is unusable (channelBufferOwner=true after prepare).
+        if (s->processData.numInputs > 0) {
+            const Steinberg::Vst::AudioBusBuffers& ib = s->processData.inputs[0];
+            for (int32 c = 0; c < ib.numChannels; ++c) {
+                float* dst = ib.channelBuffers32[c];
+                if (!dst) continue;
+                const float* src = (c == 0) ? inL : (c == 1 ? inR : inL);
+                std::memcpy(dst, src, n * sizeof(float));
+            }
+        }
+        // Host buffers must be zeroed before process (plugins skip output
+        // leave garbage otherwise — same rule as Vst3Instrument).
+        if (s->processData.numOutputs > 0) {
+            for (int32 b = 0; b < s->processData.numOutputs; ++b) {
+                const Steinberg::Vst::AudioBusBuffers& ob = s->processData.outputs[b];
+                for (int32 c = 0; c < ob.numChannels; ++c)
+                    if (ob.channelBuffers32[c])
+                        std::memset(ob.channelBuffers32[c], 0, n * sizeof(float));
+            }
+        }
+        tresult pr = processor->process(s->processData);
+        if (pr >= 0 && s->processData.numOutputs > 0) {
+            const Steinberg::Vst::AudioBusBuffers& out = s->processData.outputs[0];
+            const float* buf0 = out.numChannels > 0 ? out.channelBuffers32[0] : nullptr;
+            const float* buf1 = out.numChannels > 1 ? out.channelBuffers32[1] : nullptr;
+            if (buf0) std::memcpy(outL, buf0, n * sizeof(float));
+            else std::memset(outL, 0, n * sizeof(float));
+            if (buf1) std::memcpy(outR, buf1, n * sizeof(float));
+            else if (buf0) std::memcpy(outR, buf0, n * sizeof(float));  // mono → stereo
+            else std::memset(outR, 0, n * sizeof(float));
+        } else {
+            std::memset(outL, 0, n * sizeof(float));
+            std::memset(outR, 0, n * sizeof(float));
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    // Apply preset: base64 of a raw .vstpreset FILE (VST3 magic + chunk list)
+    // OR of the bridge state blob [4B BE compLen][comp][4B BE ctrlLen][ctrl].
+    bool applyPreset(const std::string& b64) {
+#ifndef HAVE_VST3SDK
+        (void)b64;
+        return false;
+#else
+        std::vector<uint8_t> bytes;
+        if (!base64Decode(b64, bytes) || bytes.empty()) return false;
+        std::vector<uint8_t> comp, ctrl;
+        if (bytes.size() >= 4 && std::memcmp(bytes.data(), "VST3", 4) == 0) {
+            // Raw .vstpreset file: parse with the SDK PresetFile.
+            Steinberg::MemoryStream stream;
+            if (stream.write(bytes.data(), (int32)bytes.size(), nullptr) != Steinberg::kResultOk) return false;
+            stream.seek(0, Steinberg::IBStream::kIBSeekSet, nullptr);
+            Steinberg::Vst::PresetFile pf(&stream);
+            if (!pf.readChunkList()) return false;
+            auto readChunk = [&](Steinberg::Vst::ChunkType which, std::vector<uint8_t>& outc) -> bool {
+                const Steinberg::Vst::PresetFile::Entry* e = pf.getEntry(which);
+                if (!e) return true;
+                bool seeked = (which == Steinberg::Vst::kComponentState)
+                                  ? pf.seekToComponentState() : pf.seekToControllerState();
+                if (!seeked) return false;
+                outc.resize((size_t)e->size);
+                if (e->size == 0) return true;
+                int32 got = 0;
+                return stream.read(outc.data(), (int32)e->size, &got) == Steinberg::kResultOk &&
+                       got == e->size;
+            };
+            if (!readChunk(Steinberg::Vst::kComponentState, comp) ||
+                !readChunk(Steinberg::Vst::kControllerState, ctrl))
+                return false;
+        } else {
+            // Bridge state blob.
+            auto read32 = [&bytes](size_t off) -> uint32_t {
+                return ((uint32_t)bytes[off] << 24) | ((uint32_t)bytes[off + 1] << 16) |
+                       ((uint32_t)bytes[off + 2] << 8) | (uint32_t)bytes[off + 3];
+            };
+            if (bytes.size() < 8) return false;
+            size_t off = 0;
+            uint32_t clen = read32(off); off += 4;
+            if (off + clen > bytes.size()) return false;
+            comp.assign(bytes.begin() + off, bytes.begin() + off + clen);
+            off += clen;
+            if (off + 4 > bytes.size()) return false;
+            uint32_t klen = read32(off); off += 4;
+            if (off + klen > bytes.size()) return false;
+            ctrl.assign(bytes.begin() + off, bytes.begin() + off + klen);
+        }
+        auto* s = static_cast<Vst3FxState*>(state_);
+        if (!s) return false;
+        if (!comp.empty()) {
+            Steinberg::MemoryStream stream;
+            stream.write(comp.data(), (int32)comp.size(), nullptr);
+            stream.seek(0, Steinberg::IBStream::kIBSeekSet, nullptr);
+            if (!s->component || s->component->setState(&stream) != kResultOk) return false;
+        }
+        if (!ctrl.empty()) {
+            Steinberg::MemoryStream stream;
+            stream.write(ctrl.data(), (int32)ctrl.size(), nullptr);
+            stream.seek(0, Steinberg::IBStream::kIBSeekSet, nullptr);
+            if (!s->controller || s->controller->setState(&stream) != kResultOk) return false;
+        }
+        std::cout << "[RenderFx] preset applied component=" << comp.size()
+                  << " controller=" << ctrl.size() << std::endl;
+        return true;
+#endif
+    }
+    bool loaded() const { return state_ != nullptr; }
+
+private:
+    void* state_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+// One FX slot from the job. builtin id: "gain" | "normalize".
+struct FxSlot {
+    bool vst = false;        // true = VST3, false = builtin
+    std::string path;        // vst only
+    std::string presetB64;   // vst only
+    bool bypass = false;
+    std::string builtinId;   // builtin only
+    double db = 0.0;         // gain param
+    double peak = 0.95;      // normalize param
+    std::unique_ptr<Vst3Fx> fx;
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// SEH-guarded single-slot process call. Kept OUT of run_render_fx_job's frame
+// (C2712: __try cannot live in a function whose C++ objects need unwinding).
+// This frame holds only references/raw pointers — nothing to unwind.
+static bool runFxSlotSafe(const FxSlot& sl, const float* inL, const float* inR,
+                          float* outL, float* outR, uint32_t n, uint32_t* crashCode) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    __try {
+        sl.fx->processAudio(inL, inR, outL, outR, n);
+        return true;
+    } __except (*crashCode = (uint32_t)GetExceptionCode(), EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER) {
+        return false;
+    }
+#else
+    sl.fx->processAudio(inL, inR, outL, outR, n);
+    return true;
+#endif
+}
+
+int run_render_fx_job(const std::string& jobPath, const std::string& inPath,
+                      const std::string& outPath) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    CoInitializeEx(nullptr, COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
+    struct ComGuard { ~ComGuard() { CoUninitialize(); } } comGuard;
+#endif
+
+    int rc = 1;
+    std::ofstream wav;
+    auto fail = [&](const std::string& msg) {
+        std::cerr << "[RenderFx] " << msg << std::endl;
+        if (wav.is_open()) wav.close();
+        std::remove(outPath.c_str());
+    };
+
+    // 1. Read input WAV.
+    WavIn in;
+    if (!readWav(inPath, in)) { fail("cannot read input WAV: " + inPath); return rc; }
+    if (in.L.empty()) { fail("input WAV is empty"); return rc; }
+
+    // 2. Parse job.
+    std::ifstream jf(jobPath, std::ios::binary);
+    if (!jf) { fail("cannot read job file: " + jobPath); return rc; }
+    std::string data((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(jf)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
+    json_parse_result_s pres = {};
+    json_value_s* root = json_parse_ex(data.data(), data.size(), json_parse_flags_default,
+                                       nullptr, nullptr, &pres);
+    if (!root) { fail("job JSON parse error (code " + std::to_string(pres.error) + ")"); return rc; }
+    struct RootHolder { json_value_s* p = nullptr; ~RootHolder() { if (p) std::free(p); } } rootH;
+    rootH.p = root;
+    if (root->type != json_type_object) { fail("job root must be a JSON object"); return rc; }
+    const json_object_s* job = static_cast<const json_object_s*>(root->payload);
+
+    double srD = (double)in.sampleRate;
+    memberNumber(job, "sample_rate", srD);
+    if (srD < 8000.0 || srD > 192000.0) { fail("bad sample_rate: " + std::to_string(srD)); return rc; }
+    const uint32_t sampleRate = (uint32_t)srD;
+    if (in.sampleRate != sampleRate) {
+        fail("input WAV sr (" + std::to_string(in.sampleRate) + ") != job sample_rate ("
+             + std::to_string(sampleRate) + ")"); return rc;
+    }
+    int64_t block = memberInt(job, "block_size", 512);
+    block = std::max<int64_t>(32, std::min<int64_t>(block, 4096));
+    const uint32_t chunk = (uint32_t)block;
+
+    // 3. Build slot list.
+    std::vector<FxSlot> slots;
+    const json_value_s* chainV = memberValue(job, "fx_chain");
+    if (chainV && chainV->type == json_type_array) {
+        const json_array_s* chain = static_cast<const json_array_s*>(chainV->payload);
+        for (const json_array_element_s* el = chain->start; el; el = el->next) {
+            const json_value_s* v = el->value;
+            if (!v || v->type != json_type_object) continue;
+            const json_object_s* o = static_cast<const json_object_s*>(v->payload);
+            const std::string type = memberString(o, "type", "");
+            FxSlot sl;
+            sl.bypass = memberBool(o, "bypass", false);
+            if (type == "vst3" || type == "vst") {
+                sl.vst = true;
+                sl.path = memberString(o, "path", "");
+                sl.presetB64 = memberString(o, "preset_b64", "");
+            } else if (type == "builtin") {
+                sl.vst = false;
+                sl.builtinId = memberString(o, "id", "");
+                const json_value_s* pv = memberValue(o, "params");
+                if (pv && pv->type == json_type_object) {
+                    const json_object_s* po = static_cast<const json_object_s*>(pv->payload);
+                    double d = sl.db; memberNumber(po, "db", d); sl.db = d;
+                    double pk = sl.peak; memberNumber(po, "peak", pk); sl.peak = pk;
+                }
+            } else {
+                fail("unknown fx_chain slot type: " + type); return rc;
+            }
+            slots.push_back(std::move(sl));
+        }
+    }
+    if (slots.empty()) { fail("fx_chain is empty — nothing to render"); return rc; }
+
+    // 4. Load VST3 slots (bypassed slots stay unloaded → passthrough).
+    for (auto& sl : slots) {
+        if (!sl.vst || sl.bypass) continue;
+        if (sl.path.empty()) { fail("vst3 slot missing path"); return rc; }
+        auto fx = std::make_unique<Vst3Fx>();
+        if (!fx->load(sl.path, sampleRate, (int32)chunk)) { rc = 2; fail("VST3 FX load failed: " + sl.path); return rc; }
+        if (!sl.presetB64.empty() && !fx->applyPreset(sl.presetB64)) {
+            fail("preset import FAILED for " + sl.path); return rc;
+        }
+        sl.fx = std::move(fx);
+    }
+
+    // 5. Process chain block-wise. Double-buffered: cur ← slot → nxt, swap.
+    std::vector<float> L0(chunk), R0(chunk), L1(chunk), R1(chunk);
+    std::vector<float> curL(chunk), curR(chunk);
+    bool normalizePending = false;
+    double normalizePeak = 0.95;
+    uint32_t crashCode = 0;
+    for (const auto& sl : slots) {
+        if (sl.bypass) continue;
+        if (sl.vst && !sl.fx) continue;  // defensive: bypassed/unloaded
+        if (!sl.vst && sl.builtinId == "normalize") {
+            normalizePending = true;
+            normalizePeak = std::max(0.01, std::min(1.0, sl.peak));
+            continue;  // global post-pass
+        }
+        const bool isVst = sl.vst;
+        const double gainLin = sl.vst ? 1.0 : std::pow(10.0, sl.db / 20.0);
+        for (uint64_t pos = 0; pos < in.L.size(); pos += chunk) {
+            const uint32_t n = (uint32_t)std::min<uint64_t>(chunk, in.L.size() - pos);
+            std::memcpy(curL.data(), in.L.data() + pos, n * sizeof(float));
+            std::memcpy(curR.data(), in.R.data() + pos, n * sizeof(float));
+            if (isVst) {
+                bool ok = runFxSlotSafe(sl, curL.data(), curR.data(), L0.data(), R0.data(),
+                                        n, &crashCode);
+                if (!ok) { rc = 3; fail("VST3 FX crashed inside processAudio (SEH code=0x"
+                                        + std::to_string(crashCode) + ")"); return rc; }
+                std::memcpy(in.L.data() + pos, L0.data(), n * sizeof(float));
+                std::memcpy(in.R.data() + pos, R0.data(), n * sizeof(float));
+            } else {
+                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                    in.L[pos + i] = curL[i] * (float)gainLin;
+                    in.R[pos + i] = curR[i] * (float)gainLin;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (isVst) std::cout << "[RenderFx] slot processed: " << sl.path << std::endl;
+        else std::cout << "[RenderFx] slot processed: builtin " << sl.builtinId << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    // 6. Global normalize pass (only reduces when peak exceeds target — mirrors
+    //    render_project's clip guard; the final mastering slot by convention).
+    if (normalizePending) {
+        float peak = 0.f;
+        for (float v : in.L) peak = std::max(peak, std::fabs(v));
+        for (float v : in.R) peak = std::max(peak, std::fabs(v));
+        if (peak > (float)normalizePeak && peak > 1e-9f) {
+            const float k = (float)normalizePeak / peak;
+            for (float& v : in.L) v *= k;
+            for (float& v : in.R) v *= k;
+            std::cout << "[RenderFx] normalize: peak " << peak << " → " << normalizePeak << std::endl;
+        } else {
+            std::cout << "[RenderFx] normalize: peak " << peak << " ≤ " << normalizePeak << " (no-op)" << std::endl;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 7. Write output WAV.
+    wav.open(outPath, std::ios::binary);
+    if (!wav) { fail("cannot open output: " + outPath); return rc; }
+    writeWavHeader(wav, sampleRate);
+    uint64_t dataBytes = 0;
+    for (uint64_t pos = 0; pos < in.L.size(); pos += chunk) {
+        const uint32_t n = (uint32_t)std::min<uint64_t>(chunk, in.L.size() - pos);
+        writeFrames(wav, in.L.data() + pos, in.R.data() + pos, n);
+        dataBytes += (uint64_t)n * 4;
+    }
+    finishWav(wav, dataBytes);
+    wav.close();
+    std::cout << "[RenderFx] wrote " << outPath << " (" << in.L.size() << " frames)" << std::endl;
+    rc = 0;
+    return rc;
+}
+
+// --- --scan: classify VST3 modules as instrument/effect ----------------------
+namespace {
+
+std::string jsonEscape(const std::string& s) {
+    std::string o;
+    o.reserve(s.size() + 8);
+    for (char ch : s) {
+        switch (ch) {
+            case '"': o += "\\\""; break;
+            case '\\': o += "\\\\"; break;
+            case '\n': o += "\\n"; break;
+            case '\r': o += "\\r"; break;
+            case '\t': o += "\\t"; break;
+            default: o += ch;
+        }
+    }
+    return o;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_VST3SDK
+struct ScanEntry {
+    std::string path;
+    std::string name;
+    bool isFx = false;
+    bool isInstrument = false;
+};
+
+// C++ locals live here (no __try in this frame) — a crashing module loader
+// is caught by safeScanModule's SEH and skipped, not fatal to the whole scan.
+bool scanModuleInner(const std::string& path, std::vector<ScanEntry>& out) {
+    using namespace VST3::Hosting;
+    std::string err;
+    Module::Ptr module = Module::create(path, err);
+    if (!module) { std::cerr << "[Scan] skip (module load failed): " << path << " — " << err << std::endl; return false; }
+    const PluginFactory& factory = module->getFactory();
+    auto infos = factory.classInfos();
+    int added = 0;
+    for (const auto& ci : infos) {
+        if (ci.category() != kVstAudioEffectClass) continue;
+        const bool isInstr = ci.subCategoriesString().find("Instrument") != std::string::npos;
+        ScanEntry e;
+        e.path = path;
+        e.name = ci.name();
+        e.isFx = !isInstr;
+        e.isInstrument = isInstr;
+        out.push_back(std::move(e));
+        ++added;
+    }
+    if (added == 0)
+        std::cerr << "[Scan] " << path << ": no audio classes" << std::endl;
+    return added > 0;
+}
+
+bool safeScanModule(const std::string& path, std::vector<ScanEntry>& out) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    __try { return scanModuleInner(path, out); }
+    __except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER) {
+        std::cerr << "[Scan] skip (crashed module): " << path << std::endl;
+        return false;
+    }
+#else
+    return scanModuleInner(path, out);
+#endif
+}
+#endif // HAVE_VST3SDK
+
+}  // namespace
+
+int run_scan_dir(const std::string& dirPath) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    CoInitializeEx(nullptr, COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
+    struct ComGuard { ~ComGuard() { CoUninitialize(); } } comGuard;
+#endif
+    std::vector<std::string> vst3Paths;   // folders or files ending .vst3
+    std::vector<std::string> vst2Paths;   // .dll / .so (cannot introspect)
+
+    namespace fs = std::filesystem;
+    auto isExt = [](const std::string& p, const char* ext) {
+        const size_t n = std::strlen(ext);
+        return p.size() >= n && p.compare(p.size() - n, n, ext) == 0;
+    };
+    try {
+        fs::recursive_directory_iterator it(dirPath), end;
+        for (; it != end; ++it) {
+            const std::string p = it->path().string();
+            std::string low = p;
+            for (auto& c : low) c = (char)std::tolower((unsigned char)c);
+            if (it->is_directory()) {
+                if (isExt(low, ".vst3")) {
+                    vst3Paths.push_back(p);
+                    it.disable_recursion_pending();  // bundle: don't walk Contents/
+                }
+            } else if (it->is_regular_file()) {
+                if (isExt(low, ".vst3")) vst3Paths.push_back(p);
+                else if (isExt(low, ".dll") || isExt(low, ".so")) vst2Paths.push_back(p);
+            }
+        }
+    } catch (...) { std::cerr << "[Scan] walk failed: " << dirPath << std::endl; }
+
+    std::cout << "{\"plugins\":[";
+    bool first = true;
+    auto emit = [&](const std::string& path, const std::string& name,
+                    bool isFx, bool isInstr, const char* type) {
+        if (!first) std::cout << ",";
+        first = false;
+        std::cout << "{\"path\":\"" << jsonEscape(path)
+                  << "\",\"name\":\"" << jsonEscape(name)
+                  << "\",\"is_fx\":" << (isFx ? "true" : "false")
+                  << ",\"is_instrument\":" << (isInstr ? "true" : "false")
+                  << ",\"type\":\"" << type << "\"}";
+    };
+#ifdef HAVE_VST3SDK
+    for (const auto& p : vst3Paths) {
+        std::vector<ScanEntry> entries;
+        if (!safeScanModule(p, entries)) {
+            // Module unreadable (or crashed): report as opaque instrument-like
+            // entry so the UI still lists it (VST2 default behavior).
+            emit(p, p.substr(p.find_last_of("/\\") + 1), false, true, "VST3");
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (const auto& e : entries) emit(e.path, e.name, e.isFx, e.isInstrument, "VST3");
+    }
+#else
+    for (const auto& p : vst3Paths) {
+        std::string name = p.substr(p.find_last_of("/\\") + 1);
+        emit(p, name, false, true, "VST3");
+    }
+#endif
+    for (const auto& p : vst2Paths) {
+        std::string name = p.substr(p.find_last_of("/\\") + 1);
+        emit(p, name, false, true, "VST2");
+    }
+    std::cout << "]}" << std::endl;
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/native_bridge/src/main.cpp b/native_bridge/src/main.cpp
index da5ac6e..080788b 100644
--- a/native_bridge/src/main.cpp
+++ b/native_bridge/src/main.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "NativeInstrumentEngine.h"
 #include "StateStore.h"
 #include "RenderJob.h"
+#include "RenderFxJob.h"
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #include <windows.h>
@@ -614,6 +615,29 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
         return run_render_job(renderJob, renderOut);
     }
 
+    // --render-fx <job.json> --in <input.wav> --out <output.wav>: one-shot
+    // offline FX render (VST3 effects + builtins), no SHM/loop.
+    std::string renderFxJob, renderFxIn, renderFxOut;
+    for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
+        if (std::strcmp(argv[i], "--render-fx") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) renderFxJob = argv[i + 1];
+        else if (std::strcmp(argv[i], "--in") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) renderFxIn = argv[i + 1];
+        else if (std::strcmp(argv[i], "--out") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) renderFxOut = argv[i + 1];
+    }
+    if (!renderFxJob.empty()) {
+        if (renderFxIn.empty() || renderFxOut.empty()) {
+            std::cerr << "[RenderFxJob] --render-fx requires --in <input.wav> --out <output.wav>" << std::endl;
+            return 1;
+        }
+        return run_render_fx_job(renderFxJob, renderFxIn, renderFxOut);
+    }
+
+    // --scan <dir>: one-shot plugin scan, no SHM/loop.
+    std::string scanDir;
+    for (int i = 1; i + 1 < argc; ++i) {
+        if (std::strcmp(argv[i], "--scan") == 0) scanDir = argv[i + 1];
+    }
+    if (!scanDir.empty()) return run_scan_dir(scanDir);
+
     // 1. Shared memory name: argv --shm <name> | env SF_SHM_NAME | default
     std::string shmName = "SonicForge_DAW_IPC";
     for (int i = 1; i + 1 < argc; ++i) {
diff --git a/tests/test_render_engine.py b/tests/test_render_engine.py
index 4a6c784..0f8c17f 100644
--- a/tests/test_render_engine.py
+++ b/tests/test_render_engine.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import os
 import json
 import pytest
 from app.core.render_engine import PythonRenderEngine
+import numpy as np
 
 def test_render_engine_init():
     engine = PythonRenderEngine()
@@ -87,3 +88,68 @@ def test_render_session_fx_reverb_scipy_fallback():
     assert buf.shape == (2, 44100)
     assert (buf != 0.0).any()
 
+
+_BRIDGE_TEST_PATH = r"C:/Users/locpham/SonicForgeStudio/native_bridge/build/Release/daw_vst_bridge.exe"
+
+
+def _peak(buf):
+    return float(np.max(np.abs(buf)))
+
+
+def test_render_track_fx_chain_gain_via_bridge(monkeypatch):
+    """Track fx_chain (builtin gain +6dB) qua native_bridge → biên độ x2."""
+    import numpy as np
+    if not os.path.isfile(_BRIDGE_TEST_PATH):
+        pytest.skip("bridge chưa build")
+    monkeypatch.setenv("SF_BRIDGE_PATH", _BRIDGE_TEST_PATH)
+    from app.api.v1 import plugins as pl
+    monkeypatch.setattr(pl.settings, "RENDER_ENGINE", "bridge")
+    engine = PythonRenderEngine()
+    base = _midi_track("__no_such_plugin__")
+    fx = _midi_track("__no_such_plugin__")
+    fx["vst_fx_chain"] = [{"type": "builtin", "id": "gain", "params": {"db": 6.0}}]
+    b0 = engine.render_session_container({"tracks": [base]}, {}, 120.0, 4, 44100)
+    b1 = engine.render_session_container({"tracks": [fx]}, {}, 120.0, 4, 44100)
+    assert _peak(b1) > 1.5 * _peak(b0)
+
+
+def test_render_project_master_fx_chain_gain_via_bridge(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    """Masterbus master.fx_chain (gain +6dB) qua native_bridge → peak x2."""
+    import numpy as np
+    if not os.path.isfile(_BRIDGE_TEST_PATH):
+        pytest.skip("bridge chưa build")
+    monkeypatch.setenv("SF_BRIDGE_PATH", _BRIDGE_TEST_PATH)
+    from app.api.v1 import plugins as pl
+    monkeypatch.setattr(pl.settings, "RENDER_ENGINE", "bridge")
+    engine = PythonRenderEngine()
+
+    def project(with_master):
+        track = _midi_track("__no_such_plugin__")
+        track["volume_db"] = -20.0  # tránh normalize (>1.0) làm hỏng tỉ lệ 2x
+        proj = {
+            "metadata": {"bpm": 120.0, "time_signature_numerator": 4},
+            "main_session": {"length_bars": 1.0, "tracks": [track]},
+            "section_store": {},
+        }
+        if with_master:
+            proj["main_session"]["master"] = {
+                "fx_chain": [{"type": "builtin", "id": "gain", "params": {"db": 6.0}}],
+                "bypass": False,
+            }
+        return proj
+
+    out0 = str(tmp_path / "no_master.wav")
+    out1 = str(tmp_path / "with_master.wav")
+    engine.render_project(project(False), out0)
+    engine.render_project(project(True), out1)
+    _, d0 = sf_read_peaks(out0)
+    _, d1 = sf_read_peaks(out1)
+    assert d1 > 1.5 * d0
+
+import soundfile as _sf
+
+def sf_read_peaks(path):
+    import numpy as np
+    data, _ = _sf.read(path, dtype="float32", always_2d=True)
+    return data, float(np.max(np.abs(data)))
+